The Public Sector in Canada Essay Example for Free

The Public Sector in Canada EssayCanadian unexclusive sector amend initiatives suck exhibited a more complex case for study or assessment. As much as the regimen tried to initiate umteen crystallizes on that point has been many dimension of view of whether the Canadian government should be involved or not in the public reforms and initiatives. Several reforms have been under exitn but there has been periodical mixed results achieved in both(prenominal) handed-down argonas of the public sector. Government Involvement in Some Traditional Areas of Public Sector in Canada If we first take into consideration what has been accomplished. The government has influenced massive Privatization of many cooperate organizations and institution in Canada which began in the time of Mulroney leadership and continued to Chretien leadership. Some of the privatized cooperation include the Canadian air passage and the national petrol company. The Canadian central governments Program Review which was done in the stratum nineteen ninety four and the year nineteen ninety was influenced by the need to achieve economic balance. But on the other hand it made ministers and the civil servants to generate many questions regarding the government programs.Some of the questions included if they are still useful, if it should be the take of the central government, the provincial leadership, or the private fraternity. When the government made this program review, it led to the doing a way with some subsidies and the entire privatization of crucial run for example the airport services and the air navigation services. On the other hand it was found stunned that some departments were now able to accomplish there services at extremely reduced input cost by adopting the information technology on board.A viable example of this is the Canadian human Resources Development. The adoption of the famous electronic kiosks by the Canadian government to enable individuals to search for jobs an d to enhance black market of information in the industrial and trade sector brought much achievement on board. To add on this it led to the cutting of expenditure on services and trading of goods by adoption of knowledge technology, hence the federal government was able to cut down on the number of personnel by well-nigh 25 percentage.This led to a total reduction compared to major economies much(prenominal) as the United Kingdom and the United States federal governments. Through the application of Information Technology Canada has bee able to bring on board some traditional public sectors and involve them into the information flow of the federal government which has been a genuinely major public sector reform in the economic viability of the country. The Canadian public sector has really made good utilization of this bran-new reform and adopted technology such as Internet, the electronic business and the famous electronic kiosk.More advancement have also been made on the una ttached technologies in order to enhance the linkage of the public to the government to reduce the gap that always exists between the central government and that common public creation and the international community. Also in the year 1989 the Canadian government adopted an initiative dubbed the public service year 2000 which had a ten taskforce comprising of deputy ministers and some senior public servants, and then in just two years the taskforce was able to enhance service improvement to the public and also reduced the pull strings of the central agency control of the public welfare.Although this recommendations was countered by opposition coming from the central governments federal office of the Auditing, also from parliament members, from the public unions, and also from the media fraternity it was a visionary way forward for Canadian public and government relation enhancement (Roberts 1996).The opposition of this public reform by the above mentioned group of people might hav e been overcome by the strong supporting by the political turn of events during that time since as this reform dubbed the public service 2000 was getting rooted the members of parliament at that time were busy negotiating on the then intended 1982 constitution amendment.The then Chretien leadership compose focused and decided to commit itself to the development of and publish service standards which was supposed to report its performance in a year time later (The Canadian Auditors General, 1996). The government of Canada has so far been able to make slap-up commitment towards rebuilding of a professional public service after the downsizing of the exit few years. It has now adopted the comprehensive hiring of workers at the entrance point, rather than recruiting from outside at middle or senior ranks. The only area where there has been considerable staffing from outside at the central point level is in information technology. ) The regime has also put an importance on transformati on the insurance capacity of the public service. In the existence year of downsize and financial plan-cutting, there were limited opportunities to develop new policies. Now that there is financial support for new initiatives is available, the communal service has a role to play in implementing them.Thus the centralized government activity is trying to restore the public service along the lines of the traditional model. This traditional public service formed would be unswerving with the main concern of fighting separatism, because career public servants, especially the twenty-five to thirty percent who claim French as their mother tongue, could be expected to be more loyal to the federalist cause than people on short-term contracts.The most outstanding organizational reform innovation in Canadas public sector go beneath the rubric of alternative service delivery, which has been defined as a process of public sector restructuring that improves the delivery of services to clients by s haring governance functions with individuals, community groups, and other government entities (Ford and Zussman 1997 6). Some of the most common examples are like the Canadas Business Service Centers, which relates to both federal and provincial governments, and Navigation Canada, a non-profit corporation owned by the users and employees of the air navigation system.These league relationships cut down the pricey overlap and replication, and perform actions that the federal government has devolved as a consequence of its Program Review. These partnerships also recognize the difficulty of Canadas federalism by involving all stakeholders in the ongoing management of services or policy areas. Although Canada has lacked in trivial top down public government administration reorganization, it has had an affluence of bottom up procedures.These initiatives have been shown in the application to the Institute of Public management of Canadian innovation award. Certainly, provincial administrat ions have had the most powerful charisma in these awards (Borins and Kocovski 1997). A proportionate study of application to the Ford Foundation innovation awards in the US and the IPAC awards in Canada shows extensive similarities in monetary value of the types of innovations, innovative process, and results achieved.It also shows that in both Canada and the US the middle managers and front-line staff were the originators of approximately half the innovations which are a surprisingly large role disposed traditional public sector constraints. at the same time as the complication of their national systems habitually causes annoying overlap and duplication, they also provide opportunities to stick in in what the American jurist Brandeis called laboratories of democracy.ConclusionCanada should try to adhere to and advance the bottom up reform, in particular the efforts of front-line staff and middle managers, especially if authorise from above (for example, the US federal governme nts reinvention labs), as well as reforms undertaken by sub-national governments. It should also have an influence on the ideas originating from the private sector, such as service quality, total quality management, and business process reengineering.

Circuit Switching and Packet Switching Essay Example for Free

Circuit Switching and Packet Switching EssayCircuit fracture, although more reliable than megabucks-switching because it is able to get your depicted object across without any hiccups, is old and expensive. Circuit switching is based on having a dedicated line or session between two move and thus, you are able to get the full message across without congestion or interruptions. An example of circuit switching hardware is PBX. In addition, with circuit switching, a path to the destination is already decided upon before the transmission starts and it only terminates once the session is complete and sends its message through. A single out of circuit switching is that you are only able to use the line or transmit one session at a time because of its dedicated circuit. Another disadvantage is its cost.Packet switching is more modern and transmits voice data. Although, as compared to circuit switching, the quality may be lower because of the ability to use lines or sessions at the same time and thus, creating congestion or even data loss. With packet switching there is no circuit dedication like circuit switching. However, conflicting circuit switching where the path to the destination is already decided upon before transmission, with packet switching, each packet has to find its own route to the destination. The disadvantage of packet switching is the potential for low quality transmissions and even data loss. In my opinion, these days, packet switching is more commonly used because it is used in local area network technologies or set ups. I would think that circuit switching is used for analog lines and networks, but during these days where most organizations are changing to digital and especially VoIP, packet switching would be more common.

East West Culture Differences Cultural Studies Essay

eastbound double-u nicety Differences Cultural Studies EssayIn todays global worry environment, with the increase in global parentage and in foreign investment, more and more of us atomic number 18 required to understand people coming from countries and horti finales diametric from our ingest, so the repair of difference among Oriental and Occidental refinings on international trade becomes increasingly exposed. Therefore, this article carrys multidimensional analyses of these matters arising out of ethnical differences in transnational commerce. International trade is the interchange of goods and services among diverse countries. Owing to various socio- grows, enormous differences know in commercial culture of nations. The East and the West ar the two mainstream cultures in the instauration blottowhile, the gaps of them ar obvious, come forwarding in values, conventions, languages, consumption patterns, social organizations and structures, etc. This paper aims at discussing the heathenish differences that argon faced in todays commercial transaction in the military man and evolving appropriate measures to appropriate with those. Key words East-West cultural differences international trade international colloquy1. IntroductionThis section is an introduction, which gives a general delineate of the immenseness of cross-cultural talk, purpose of this thesis, and the significance of the thesis.1.1 The importance of being aware of the East-West cultural differencesIn our area of expanding technology and shrinking geography, people of diametric cultures pay off increasing frequency of contact and need for effective colloquy on a daily basis. Speaking a different language is an obvious obstruction to intercultural communication, but a greater and more difficult hurdle is to speak a different culture. Even though we may learn the words, the grammar, and the recognizable orthoepy of a language, we may still non know how to navigate around the greater obstacles to communication that are presented by cultural difference.The cultures of the East and the West authentically distinguish separately other a lot. This is beca exp overthrow the culture systems are two separate systems on the whole. Due to the far distance and the steep areas between the East and West, the two cultures seldom communicate until recent centuries. So they grew up totally in their possess ways with almost no interference from the other. There are so many differences in culture between the East and West. However, there is a trend that the culture in both countries has been mixture.There are problems may be caused by our failure to recognize cultural differences. Nowadays the world is becoming a good deal more mobile than ever before. With the powerful modern acid tools ilk airplane, people can travel to other counties just in a few hours. Under this stage setting, it is non uncommon to find some problems caused by the ignorance of cul tural differences. Apart from different languages (and you volition bene pass greatly if you can learn to understand, speak or write some of them), each country has its own social systems and laws and ways of implementing them to resolve problems and disputes during international businesses. In addition, the diversity is reflected in commission philosophy, operating procedure, marketing methods of merchants and the specialised trading activities.In conclusion, to be boffo and skillful as an international trader it is important to recognize and accept that there are differences between the East and the West.1.2 Purpose of the studyEntitled On the East-West Cultural Differences and the Influence on the International Trade, this thesis endeavors to probe into the nature and practical method to give a description of various kinds of cultural differences, their impact upon international commerce, and how to deal with the difficulties appearing in the business communication.Eastern pe ople often find oneself confident that they know quite a bit roughly western culture. In fact, they may have seen many western films, may eat at KFC regularly, may know more about the National basketball Association or about current popular music than many Americans, may speak quite fluent English, but that does not necessarily entail that they know western culture the way a Westerner knows it. It doesnt mean they know the cultural grammar or can swim in those cultural waters. It doesnt mean they can avoid miscommunication or steady conflict during communicating. Just as Wolfson points out, In interacting with foreigners, native speakers tend to be quite a tolerant of errors in pronunciation or syntax. In contrast, violations of rules of speaking are often interpreted as bad manners, since the native speaker is unlikely to be aware of sociolinguistic relating. (Wolfson,1983 62).The thesis attempts to make out a system and makes comprehensive study of the pervasive culture by means of definitions, classifications to improve the culture awareness. From some researchers perspective, culture is like an iceberg in the ocean, what we see and feel much(prenominal) as artifacts, clothing, was the surface part of iceberg, this part is easily to be recognized, while the hidden part of iceberg such as values and beliefs which are not immediately observable and felt, rather, hidden behind the daily verbal and nonverbal communication, and directs and regulates peoples speech and behavior. The assumption of the denomination of this category is that different areas in the world are characterized by different values and features.1.3 Significance of the studyKnowledge about cultures, both general and specific, provides perceptiveness into the learned behaviors of a group. It helps the learner to gain awareness of what makes a people unique. The factors are its customs and traditions, values and beliefs, attitudes and concepts, hierarchies and roles, prison term and space relations, and verbal and non-verbal communication processes. reading gained in cross-culture studies will enable businessmen to become more cosmopolitan, to cope more effectively abroad, to reduce stress and resolve conflict more pronto in the international area.Now with the Open Policy, many enterprises are involved in international trade. Those engaged in the import-export trade, depending on their misgiving and skills in cross-cultural relations, can each advance or hamper their sales and exchanges. Transcultural studies benefit businessmen as followsFoster interaction, good will and customer relations, as well as business and profits. In a competitive society, the global businessman should function like an intercultural researcher seeking various ways to cook good relationship with his partners whose behaviors are strongly affected by cultural, social, personal and psychological factors. exactly the cultural factors exert the broadest and deepest influence on them.Of fer disc everyplace understanding of both interior(prenominal) and international markets. To be successful in international business, a good market research project requires as much careful planning as a well-designed product. Market research must allow for cultural differences in a foreign market. For example, o range of mountains juice is not a breakfast drink in France Middle Easterners prefer spicy toothpaste the Japanese like rice and tuna for breakfast. These cultural differences will help integrity make a successful marketing decision.Provide insight relative to organizational culture and personal behavior. Intercultural study offers us better understanding of the culture in which one is going to bet. For example, one aspect of American culture is that people must work hard to accomplish their objectives. We can see this in the corporate culture of Microsoft, while Chinese tend to work together and accomplish a project step by step with explicit graded relationship.Help one to gain a better sense of self and cultural heritage for more effective intercultural interactions.In order to create cultural synergistic solutions to problems lying in international business, a global businessman must know his culture and business practice to deal with different partners with different cultures.In a word, cross-cultural study offers better international relationships, which are bound to be enhanced when management, sales, and technical personnel can deal with cultural differences within the world market place.2. The difference between east culture and west cultureSuccess on international business journey depends significantly on understanding culture and appreciating how profoundly values, attitudes and behaviors are shaped by it. Unfortunately, culture is a complex phenomenon, The understanding of which is aided neither by the circulate use of the terminus in everyday conversation nor by the wealth of definitions in current use. At the very outset, we face the challenge of developing an understanding of culture that both captures its essence and will serve as a practical guide to the broad spectrum of cultural diversity.2.1 A brief introduction to cultureThe word culture often brings up more problems than it involves. So far, culture has been specify in many ways by a wide range of people from diverse backgrounds. Culture, according to Robert Kohls, the former Directorof Training and Development for the United StatesInformation Agency, is an integrated system of learnedbehavior patterns that are characteristic of the membersof any given society, the total way of life of particulargroups of people. It includes everything that a group ofpeople holds, says, does, and makes-its customs,language, material artifacts and shared systems ofattitudes and feelings. Culture is learned and transmittedfrom coevals to generation. It is not identical withthe genetic heritage that may differentiate one group ofpeople from another. These differences in sharedsystems of attitudes and feelings are one of those more sharp areas of difference that foreigners experiencewhen they leave home.Culture affects peoples ways of thinking and theirviews of the world. Every culture has its distinctcharacteristics that make it different from every otherculture. Some differences are quite evident (e.g.language, religion, political organization, etc.). However, in a word, culture generally refers to the knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws morals, customs, habits, and capabilities acquired by individuals who interact in a specific area of society. Otherscan be so subtle that while foreign visitors may bevaguely aware of them, making adjustments is acomplex process and one may hang on uncomfortableand off balance for quite some time.2.2 Causes for culture differencesThe cultures of the East and the West in truthly distinguisheach other by a lot. This is because the culture systemsare two separate systems on the whole.The origin of the eastern cultur es is mainly from twocountries China and India. Both of the two cultures aregestated by rivers the Yellow River in China and theHindu River in India. These two cultures weredeveloped for several thousand years and formed theirown styles. Then in Dang Dynasty of China, theChinese culture miniature by brusque went overseas to Japan,mixed into the Japanese society and shaped theJapanese culture nowadays. Though a bit different fromthe Chinese one, it belongs to the same system.When the two gravel rivers gave birth to the easternculture, another famous culture was brought up on theMesopotamian Plain-the Mesopotamian Civilization.This civilization later on developed into the cultures ofthe Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. And these twoare well-known as the base of the European culture.Like the Chinese culture, the European one also crossedwaters. When the colonists of England settled down inAmerica, their culture went with them over the AtlanticOcean. So the American culture is simil ar to theEuropean one.At the same time, the difference of the languagesystems adds to the cultural differences. In the East,most languages belong to the pictographic languagewhile the Western languages are mostly based on theLatin system.Other factors like human race difference counts aswell. But whats more, due to the far distance and thesteep areas between the East and West, the two culturesseldom communicate until recent centuries. So theygrew up totally in their own ways with almost nointerference from the other.2.3 The Role of Culture in BusinessWith the knowledge of globalisation, cross-culturecommunication is indispensable to an open society inwhich we do it today. Therefore, cultural differences areeverywhere. The cultures between the East and the Westare distinguished by a rather large scale. It means notonly the opinions or ways of thinking are different, buthow do people behave in daily life is also not the same,sometimes may even the opposite. This paper will first b aseprobe into the causes for cultural differences and thensome of the typical examples to illustrate the culturaldifference between east and west, finally, ways to fit indifferent cultures.What role does culture play and can it be a positive one? A manager in a Swedish pharmaceutical firm described what happened when a multicultural team was put together.Product design was traditionally carried out at our Stockholm headquarters. Once, by diagonal or design, we brought in an international team to discuss the design of a new allergy product. Due to extreme differences of opinion on what constitutes good medical exam practice, the team designed the new product with maximum flexibility to suit the major demands of each country.Later, we discovered this flexibility to be of great advantage in developing and marketing international competitive products.Regarding cultural differences as a challenge rather than a problem may mean a little more investment of time and funds, but it is more likely to produce international workable teams, systems and products. This general approach albeit with variances in each case, has helped Japanese, Germans and Scandinavians adapt successfully to international markets. It has also helped cultivate the deep awareness of quality and consumer-friendliness, which characterizes the products of these successful countries, and pervades business thinking and aspirations.So if international companies are to tackle the challenge of culture where do they start? Let us look in more detail at the areas of business activity, which need to be culture-responsive. Steven Globerman discussed this issue as followsCulture differences do not as a rule that prohibits doing business internationally, although they often oblige management to modify the way business is done from region to region. while modifications may be required, to a greater or lesser extent, in virtually all of the international firms activities, the particular areas that seem to be a ffected by cultural differences are the marketing and personnel relations functions.It points in the right direction and its implications are clear managing and communicating with a culturally different or varied workforce requires new methods and techniques. Success in this first objective is needed so that the company may understand consumers whose behavior and tastes are different from that of the home country.3. The basic content of business communication3.1 Understanding GlobalizationAlthough globalization has come to the worldmost of the worlds businesses are not globalizedBusiness globalization is the ability of a corporation to take a product and market in the entire civilized worldInternational firms have subsidiaries or components in other countrieshowever, control of the foreign operations is maintained at the home country headquarters. Multinational firms allow their foreign operations to exist as internal organizationsMost firms are internationaleither sourcing produci ngor exportingThus the personnel of an organization must have a global mindset in order for the firm to succeed in the international marketplace. Laurent (1986), in a study of multinational corporations, found that successful multinational corporations do not flood out the individuality of different cultures completely in the corporate culture, that intercultural contact can promote a determination not to adjust to other cultures, and that new management theory and practice can be presented only to individuals who are culturally able and willing to accept itRhinesmith (l993) states The corporate culture contains the values, norms of behavior, systems, policiesand procedures through which the organization adapts to the complexness of the global arenaCompanies with franchises abroad have had to make certain adjustments to accommodate the taste and preferences of individual countries for example. Tex-Mex cuisine is prepared kosher in Israel. According to Rhinesmith (1993), Diversity-b oth domestic and international will be the engine that drives the creative energy of the corporation of the xxfirst centurySuccessful global managers will be those who are able to manage this diversity for the innovative and competitive edge of their corporations. Since globalization has become an irresistible trend pervading throughout the world, international businessmen should take it into reflexion and try their best to better cross-cultural business communication in the course of their international business journeys.3.2 Understanding Intercultural CommunicationThe term intercultural communication was first used by Edward T. Hall in 1959. Hall was one of the first researchers to differentiate cultures based on how communications are sent and received. Hall defined intercultural communication as communication between persons of different cultures. The subject of intercultural communication is beset by a major problem, since there is really very little agreement on what people mean by the idea of culture in the first place.Intercultural business communication is a relatively new term in the business world and is defined as communication within and between businesses that involves people from more than one culture. Intercultural business communication allows us to work on the procedural issues of country-to-country contacts, diplomacy, and legal contexts it allows us to become involved with the substantive, cultural level and helps sensitize us to differences. It also allows us to gather information to make decisions when we are in an intercultural environment (Rohrlich, 1998).3.3 The specific embodiment of business communicationBusiness communication refers to the exchange of information resources and the touch of each other for a set purpose to establish a commercial relationship based on mutual benefit promoting the business activities to succeed. Cross-culture Communication in commerce is either a sort of business proceedings, or procedures for culture dialogue and betting game. To make business communication more effective, honest social relation need to be created. Business Communication communication used to promote a product, service, or organization relay information within the business or deal with legal and similar issues. It is also a means of relaying between a supply chain, for example the consumer and manufacturer. Business communication is somewhat different and unique rather from other type of communication since the purpose of business is to get profit. Thus to make good way for profit the communicator should develop good communication skills. Everyone knows that in the present day trends the knowledge alone wont be a fruitful one to have sustainable development. By knowing the importance of communication many organizations started training their employees in betterment of Communication techniques.Essentially due to globalization the world has become a Global village. Thus here the importance of cross cultural comm unication plays a vital role. Since each and every nation has their own meaning for each and every non verbal actions.The way we appear speaks a lot about us in business communication. A neat appearance is half done verbal communication. But developing communication is not a day work, it needs constant y archeozoic practice. There are several ways to get trained in excelling business communication such 1. by our own, 2. by practicing from trainers, 3. by internet contents, 4. by books.4. Cultural differences exhibited in international tradeNumerous studies have been done to identify specificcharacteristics that distinguish one culture from another.The cultural difference between east and west is noexception. Lets sum up some of the typical examples toillustrate such differences.GreetingHow do we Chinese greet each other? Informally, if wemeet a friend in the street, we are used to saying Hi,have you had your repast? or Where are you going?When it is the case of two gentlemen, they t end to persuadehands.However, in the western countries, the abovequestions are just questions, not greeting at all. Theymay think youre inviting them to dinner if you askabout their meals. Usually, theyll just give each other asmile or greet with a Hi. Theyll shift hands only insome formal sides. By the way, Westerners can leave a party or meeting halls without a formal conge,nor should they shake hands with every attendee likemost of us will do here.Showing GratitudeThink of the situations below. Your mother is busy inthe kitchen. She suddenly asks you to institute a trough forher. You do so. Whatll your mothers response be?Probably shell just continue doing the cooking. After awhile, the dinner is ready. Your mother hands you yourbowl of rice. Whats your response? Probably just beginto eat.Chinese rarely say Thank you to other familymembers for receiving help or service. Neither will wesay so between good friends. Its such an unpopularresponse that if you say it, the counterp art will think youare treating him as a stranger, otherwise you are lackof intimacy.But in the West, thank you is one of the mostfrequently used sentences. Teachers will thank a studentfor answering a question husbands will thank his wifefor making a coffee.Table MannersThe ways people eat-the table manner, reallydistinguish a lot. Chinese use chopsticks or sometimeseven grasp rice straightly with hands as Indians do. Thethin and long chopsticks cannot be used to cut food, sowe use teeth as knives. We hold our food, meat orvegetable, with the chopsticks, send them to the mouths,bite off a part and remain the other part on thechopsticks. Thats the usual way we eat. We are alsoused to holding up our bowls when having rice or soup.But all these are considered rude in the Westerncountries.The etiquette in the West requests that when eating,bowls and plates cannot leave the tables. Food should becut by knives to fit into the mouths. Your mouth cannottouch the plates or bowls. So the reg ular process is cutyour steak on the plate with fork and knife, send themeat cube into the mouth with fork and nothing will bereturned back but the fork alone. The reason for this is probably because of the different dining tools andmenus.SymbolizationSymbolization is how people imagine or regardsomething, which reflects the way of people thinking.We oftenattach different signicance to different colors, becausewe feel differently when facing different colors. On thelast day in the APEC summit held in Shanghai severalyears ago, the presidents from all over the world worethe traditional Chinese Dang suits and took a phototogether. The colors of the suits were chosen bythemselves freely. However, its quite interesting to findthat most Easterners chose red while most of thewesterners like blue. To explain this, its easy torealize that what red means is almost opposite in theEast and the West. Red means luck, fortune here.Chinese often use this color to decorate in festivals,such as red lanterns, red Chinese nodes, and red bangers.But red stands for blood, revolutions in the West. So thepresidents avoided wearing the ill-fated color.In the East,dragons are imagined as something like snake and areflowing in the sky for most of the time. The dragon issaid to have the face of the horse, the horns of the deer,the ears of the ox, the carcass of the snake, the claws of theeagle and squama of the fish. We regard dragon as Godand view ourselves the offspring of the dragon. The Godof Dragons of the four seas can charge the rainfalls. Butin the West, people think dragons as dinosaurs, whichcan stand on the ground with feet and fly with hugewings. They lay eggs just like dinosaurs. The dragons ofthe West have the ability to step up fire, instead of water.The fire can destroy everything so the dragons are notwelcomed at all. They even become the symbol of theDevil.Unfortunately, attempts to categorize culturalcharacteristics often end up in cultural stereotypes thatare unf air and misleading. In adjusting to your studyabroad environment, you will therefore have to deal notonly with real cultural differences, and also withperceived cultural differences. Keep in mind that peopleof other cultures are just as adept at stereotyping weChinese as we are at stereotyping them-and the resultsare not always complimentary. The following are a fewexamples of the qualities (some positive, some negative)that others frequently associate with the typicalChinese hard working, being economical, reserved,and ignorant of other countries, generous, hospitable, andsuperstitious. While a stereotype might possess somegrain of truth, it is obvious when we consider individualdifferences that not every Chinese fits the abovedescription. Most Germans, Japanese, Italians, etc.,have stereotyped perceptions of the American, just asmost Americans have stereotyped images of Germans,Japanese, Italians, etc. In short, misperceptions mayexist on all sides. Frequently, the stereotype of t heAmerican is far from complimentary the boorish touristwho expects everyone to speak English, the arrogantpatriot who thinks every country in the world shouldpattern itself after the United States, the drunken revelerwho sees the anonymity of traveling abroad as anopportunity to drop all civilized inhibitions-all havecontributed to the development of this unfortunatestereotype. It is up to you to behave in a manner that willconvince your hosts that this is indeed an unjustifiedstereotype that cannot be applied arbitrarily, at least(prenominal) toyourself.5. Conclusion5.1 Research findingsWith the globalization of the world economy, organizations, especially multinational corporations, are culturally diverse in their formation of the workforce and in handling al kinds of business activities. China has seen an increasing number of FIE (Foreign Individual Enterprise) entering the Chinese market, since the country adopted the policy of opening to the outside world more than twenty yea rs ago.The culturally diversified workforce has brought greater vitality to business, but business people today are facing many problems in their cross-cultural communication. More and more business people have become aware of the strong impact from culture, and they have come to realize the importance of understanding cross-cultural communication.As all nations have their own cultures, it is not difficult to find that people bring along with them their cultures wherever they go and tend to cling to them.As more and more Chinese business people are employed by FIEs, they are facing the same problem of learning and respecting foreign cultures as the Western business people do with the Chinese cultures.In many cases, business people find that it is really nor easy to communicate with people from different cultural backgrounds. Sometimes, people may mistake someone as a culturally identical person, which often ends in troubles. In order to avoid misunderstandings in our cross-cultural communication, we should pay attention to the ways to decrease or eliminate the cultural conflicts.5.2 SuggestionsGlobalization, for better or worse, has changed the way the world does business. Though in its early stage, it is all but unstoppable. At the same time, it also provides for global businessmen a challenge as well as chance. To be triumphant in international business, one should learn how to live with it, manage it and take advantage of the benefit it offers. The globalization of economics has created a confluence of cultures when it comes to business practices. Meshing these cultures has proved difficult even as it has proven necessary. In many cases the quest for a one-size-fits-all set of standards for global business behavior has progressed quite far. Global business is moving toward a world standard.In this sense, it is unpractical to accommodate stereotyping cultural theories to developing relationship in the course of international business that is developing all time along. With time going, more and more new problems and conflicts will occur when doing business internationally whatever in managing, negotiating or cooperating. Cultures will gradually melt with each other, but rooted values and norms will still cause the occurrence of clashes. Thus problems can only be solved in certain circumstance at certain time. Invariable solutions with shaped cultural ideas will only lead to prejudice and more conflicts while adaptable solutions according to specific situation of intercultural communication is more valuable and worthy of being conserved.Nothing can be unchangeable, thus is the same with the study of cultural differences in the course of international business. Therefore, dynamic research should be furthered and kept so as to keep up with the development of international business.

Solid Waste Disposal

Solid Waste DisposalINTRODUCTIONHuman development and health is greatly influenced by the surround in which they live in (Centre for Disease Control, 2009). Solid go off constitutes a major source of environmental hazard. Environmental hazards accounts for an estimated 25 % of the total burden of distemper worldwide and nearly 35 % of ill-health in sub Saharan Africa is caused by environmental hazards (WHO, 2009). This dissertation is a report of a qualitative register d ace to find out the perceptions of Warri confederationern Local Authority staff on squargon(p) consume and its garbage brass in Warri municipal. According to Beede and Bloom (2003), the perception and attitude of people towards tempestuous screw affect the way it is managed hence it is essential to gain an insight and knowledge about the perception of Warri South Local Authority staff on square(a) waste and its disposal in Warri since they play a major role in the planning and running of Warri municipal. If they do not perceive waste disposal in Warri as a priority, piffling or no attention provide be given to it. This first chapter starts by offering a background for the study. It will highlight the conundrum of municipal solidity waste and depict its importance and human beings health consequences. The purpose of study, methodology adopted and potential benefits of this study atomic number 18 also discussed briefly. Overview of other chapters will also be discussed. BACKGROUND FOR THE STUDYThe World Health Organization (WHO) constitution of 1964, defines health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity (Naidoo and Williams, 2000). A clean environment is unmatched of the prerequisite of a good health because there is a close relationship between the environment and peoples health. A high quality environment dispense with people to live longer in good and positive health (ref) Solid waste constitutes a major source of environmental hazard if not properly managed. The activities of charitables and animals produce waste and the way these wastes are handled, stored, cleared and disposed of, throw out pose risks to the environment and to public health (Tchobanoglous et al, 1993 Baritone, 1995 Ofomata, 2001, Da Zhu et al, 2008). municipal solid waste (MSW) refers to non-air and non-sewage emissions created within and disposed of by a municipality this includes household garbage, commercial refuse, construction and demolition debris, dead animals, and abandoned vehicles (Cointreau, 1982 Walling et al., 2004). There are some(prenominal) classification of solid waste base on their origin, characteristics and risk potentials (Ofomata and Eze, 2001). They are broadly classified by their characteristic as biodegradable and non-biodegradable. This classification is based on the quality of solid waste generated from different sources. According to Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA, 2007), biodegradable waste consists of all organic wastes that fall apart naturally as the result of the action of micro organisms into useful or less(prenominal) polluting products. Non-biodegradable wastes consist of wastes that do not breakdown naturally and must be recycled, burnt or buried a common example is the plastic shopping bag (Williams, 2005). In the beginning of civilization, disposal of waste was not a signifi goatt problem because population was small and land available for assimilation of waste was abundant (Tchobanoglous et al, 1993 Ahmed and Ali, 2004). Solid waste generated by the traditional society were little and simple, mostly containing organic matter while those generated by todays technological societies are large and complex. Problems of waste disposal started from the time people began to assemble in clans, villages, and communities and the create up of waste became a consequence of life (Tchobanoglous et al, 1993) The rapid developmen ts of cities across the globe overhear led to an increase in the amount of waste produced from human activities this has posed a challenge of disposal to both developed and less create nations (WHO, 2009).According to United Nations Development Programme survey report of one hundred and fifty one mayors of different cities from around the world, inadequate solid waste disposal is the second most pressing problem facing metropolis residents after unemployment (Da Zhu et al, 2008). This problem is further compounded as many nations continue to urbanize rapidly and to increase in population, making it difficult for most municipal authorities to provide most of the basic services (Ogbonna et al, 2002, Ayotamuno and Gobo, 2004). According to United Nation Statistic Division (UNSD, 2009) Nigeria has a population of about 140 million with an yearbook urban growth of 3.8%. It is a developing country that has persistent solid waste management problems in addition to her growing population (Walling et al, 2004). An average Nigerian generates about 0.49 kg of solid waste per day with households and commercial centres contributing almost 90% of total urban waste burden (Uguwh, 2009)Developing countries pass on as much as 20 to 40% of their municipal revenues on waste management (Thomas-Hope 1998, Schbeler 1996, Bartone 2000) yet they are often unable to solve the problem as one to two-thirds of the solid waste generated is not collected, while the uncollected waste is dumped on the land in a more or less uncontrolled manner (Onwurah et al, 2003, Da Zhu et al, 2008). Even the collected waste is often disposed in an uncontrolled dump site or burnt, contributing to pissing and air pollution (Da Zhu et al, 2008).Indiscriminate disposal and dumping of waste has become a common practice in Nigerian cities. Municipal solid waste heaps are found in several parts of major Nigerian cities like Warri, often blocking roads, alleys, and pavements (Ayotamuno and Gobo, 2004). Most of the waste dumps are located close to residential areas, Markets, farms, roadsides, and creeks with many human activities close to the dump sites, there is an increase threat to public health (Ogbonna et al, 2002). Generally, the uncollected solid wastes are left to decay, and this produces foul odour thereby constituting a source of environmental nuisance (Ofomata and Eze, 2001). Uncontrolled burning, another common method of disposing waste in Nigeria and this have often led to fire outbreaks. Smoke arising from such fires can reduce visibility, and have been known to cause fatal vehicular accidents (Ofomata and Eze, 2001). Warri is a major cover city located in Delta state Nigeria, with a population of over a million. Its population is rapidly growing due to urbanization and oil exploration activities the total waste load for Warri is about 66 721 tonnes per year (Ajao and Anurigwo , 2002). Municipal Solid Waste and Public Health ImplicationThe management of municipal solid wa ste is becoming a major public health and environmental concern in urban areas of many developing countries (Harris, 2004). The improper management of solid wastes represents a source of environmental pollution, and poses risks to human health (Puri et al., 2008). Municipal waste in most cities contain human excreta, animal excreta, hazardous chemical pollutants and sharps which can facilitate the spread of diseases and injury particularly among children playing near waste dumpsites and employees in waste management sector (Da Zhu et al, 2008). Poor disposal of solid waste is associated with spread of vector borne-diseases like malaria and dengue fever (McKenzie et al., 2004 Puri et al., 2008). Infrequently disposed refuse tend to become breeding sites for mosquitoes, as pools of rain water supply collect in discarded cans, bottles and car tires (Ofomata and Eze, 2001) Mosquitoes are responsible for the transmission of malaria-a life threatening disease through their bites (Human P rotection Agency, 2009). Malaria accounts for an estimated 300-500 million cases globally which is an endemic disease in sub-Saharan Africa. It accounts for about 1.5-2.5 million deaths yearly, most of them among children under five years (WHO, 2009). Decomposing organic materials can become breeding sites for pests, rats, flies and vermin that prove the likelihood of disease transmission like diarrhoea and Lassa fever (Simon, 2008). Lassa fever is a haemorrhagic fever common in quadruple African countries Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria and Sierra Leone. It is transmitted to humans from contacts with food or household items contaminated with rodent excreta (HPA, 2009 WHO, 2009).Uncollected waste left to accumulate or dumped in the streets can block water drains and channels which can cause flooding, posing significant environmental and public health risks (Whiteman et al, 2008). Ground or bug out water pollution can occur when rain water combines with decomposing waste and seep through permeable soil, finally contaminating surface and ground water with both lethal materials and pathogenic organisms (Ofomata and Eze, 2001) this is extremely dangerous as ground water is the main source of drinking water for most cities in the developing world (Oluwasola, 2007). Incineration of municipal solid waste contributes to air pollution by the release of noxious materials into the air, which may cause ill-health (Ofomata and Eze, 2001). Uncontrolled incineration of solid waste can also cause fire outbreaks in nearby homes and farms. Other impacts of poor Municipal Solid Waste disposal include disgusting odour, unsightliness and general adulteration of the environment (Dolk, 2002).PURPOSE OF THE RESEARHMany studies have been done on waste disposal and management in Nigeria but none has been done to explore the views of Warri south local authority staff. The aim of this look is to explore the views of the staff of Warri south local authority on municipal solid waste disposal system, and its public health implication in Warri. RESEARCH QUESTIONThe research question for this study is What are the perceptions of Warri South Local Authority senior staff on municipal solid waste disposal in Warri? This will encompass the issues and problems of solid waste management in the municipal. WHY PERCEPTION?According to collins school dictionary (2000) perception is your figureing of something or someone. Perception refers to the image or feelings formed in ones mind about some perceived phenomenon or object (Okot- genus Uma et al, 2002). Perceptions vary from person to person, as they perceive different things about the same situation. Perception is influenced by perceivers value, beliefs, social economic circumstance and expectations (Okot- Uma et al, 2002). Peoples perception of issue influence the way they act, behave or respond to them. Decision makers working in any environment base their decision on the environment as they see it and not as it is. The actio n resulting from their decision on the other hand is played out in the real environment (ref).If the general perception of people who play a major role in the running of warri municipal on solid waste disposal in Warri is that it is of little importance, little or no attention will be given to it. METHODOLOGY.The study will adopt a qualitative research methodology because it aims to gain an insight and knowledge about peoples perception on waste. Qualitative research concentrates on peoples attitudes, experiences, beliefs and their perceptions of a situation (Polit et al., 2001). It aims to generate an understanding of what is going on in everyday setting and it can also be used to describe a point of view, illustrate meaning, sensitize readers or try to understand phenomena (Green and Britten, 1998). Hence qualitative research is the most appropriate approach that should be used for this study. BENEFIT OF THE RESEARCHThe study will be beneficial, as it will provide an insight on ho w the staff in charge of daily planning of services in Warri south view waste disposal in the community. It may also help Warri south local authority in modifying and improving waste disposal strategies and systems. I intend to publish the findings and recommendations of this study in a local paper. It will also contribute to the existing body of knowledge of waste management in Nigeria.SYNOPSIS OF CHAPTERS This chapter has presented an overview of municipal solid waste disposal problems and its public health implications as an introduction to the study. Chapter two will presents a review of current significant literature on waste disposal in Nigeria and other developing countries. A brief note on how the literature search was carried out will also be stated. Following the literature review chapter, will be the methodology of the research reported in chapter three where different research methodologies and the justification for the method chosen are discussed. The research method, which includes sampling method, data collection, data management/analysis and ethical issues also form sections of the methodology chapter. The findings of the study and discussion are reported in chapters quaternity and five respectively. At the end of the dissertation, the recommendations based on the research findings are stated in chapter six.

Concepts of Logistics in Contemporary Business

Concepts of Logistics in Contemporary BusinessIntroductionLogistics is defined as a short letter planning framework for the worry of material, service, information and working capital f diminisheds. It includes the increasingly complex information, communication and control systems required in todays business environment.(www.logistics earth.com)Logistics means having the right thing, at the right signal, at the right time.The procurement, maintenance, distribution, and replacement of force-out and materiel.(Websters Dictionary)Distribution and logistics are concerned with harvesting availability. Many have described this as getting the right products to the right place at the Right time. implicationConsumer beliefs and needs have altered. How consumers behave and what we demand have changed. Our willingness to wait to be satisfied has reduced and we expect instant product availability and gratification. It should be intelligible from this that the show or logistics system tha t gets products from production through retailing to consumption has also had to be transformed. Physical distribution and materials oversight have been replaced by logistics management and a subsequent concern for the whole supply ambit. This consideration for the supply chain as a whole has involved the development of integrated supply chain management. More recently there has been a concern to ensure that channels of distribution and supply chains are both anticipatory (if appropriate) and reacting to consumer demand, at general and detailed segment levels.BackgroundLogistics is the bed rock of trade wind and business Without selling and or buying there can be no trade and business. Buying and or selling takes place only when goods are carnally moved into and or away from the market. Logistics leads to node satisfaction through surpassing customer go.Logistic industry includes a wide range of services and tools for a business to carry on all its operations it includes se rvices comparable transportation, packaging, ware housing and inventory.In short logistics is most important and primarily necessary for any organisation strategy and its function, when the process of logistics is carried out accurately past not only the company reduces the production salute but also improves the efficiency of the company and increases customer satisfaction. Logistics is very essential for todays highly and competitive corporal world.Literature freshen upIntroductionTo perform this study further it is necessary to understand how logistics have prevailed todays business from point of origin to point of consumption. This literature review discovers the importance of logistics and its implications in todays global business world.Nobu Azumais Associate Professor in Marketing and Distribution Studies at the School of Business, he emphasizes the importance of the logistics in management studies by employing an interdisciplinary research approach.Concepts of logistic sConcept of logistics is fairly new in the business world. Many business practises have evolved and the damage of logistics is 10% to 20 % to kernel cost of international purchase, there are two main phases which are important in transfer of materials are material management and physical distribution. framework management is timely movement of parts raw materials and supplies by the supplier.Firms finished products reaches to the consumers and termed as physical distribution.Both phases involve process of storehouse. The main goal of logistics to devise all the efforts of the company to maintain a cost effective flow of finished goods.Logistics gained importanceThrough recent years logistics has gained importance because of the transportation cost grew rapidly due to rise in fuel prices, the activity of production reaching its peak, there was need of fundamental change in inventory, product term was proliferated, due computer technology, growing power of retailers was also a bi g reason for logistics to grow and due to globalisation and reduction in economic regulation. ascribable to very sophisticated pass traditional channel of distribution.David Grant says evolving factors that make logistics critical for business success. With a marketing approach to logistics that prioritizes customer satisfaction from a variety of industries to illustrate effective logistics strategiesActivities of logisticsLogistics involves wide variety of activities and services which makes the working of the company easier and supports customer and satisfaction for both customers and suppliers.Demand forecast is done by logistics.Consumer service.Inventory control.Material handling.Part and service support.Packaging.Procurement.Salvage and scrap disposals.Transportation and trafficking.Planting and warehouse.Storage and order processing.Distribution and communication.Logistical missionLogistics exists to satisfy customer requirements by facilitation relevant manufacturing and m arketing operations, it is to balance the service expectation and cost expenditure to achieve business objectives it is basically measure in terms of Availability. available performance andService reliability.Objectives of logisticsLogistics is a system having number of components which can be combined in different proportions to achieve a set objective. Objectives are physical distribution, physical supply, and controls of the logistics.Ideal logistical system ensures supply to buyers.In correct quantity.At desired location.At required time.At useable condition.At low cost.Logistics is a bed rock for any trade and businessWithout buying and after buying without selling there can be no trade or business. Buying and selling takes place only where goods are move in or out in the market. If you take away logistics from business the business would eventually collapse.Competitive edge of logisticsIn the fiercely environment of rival of the world it provides the cutting edge. In the bus iness where the survival of business is controlled by competition where there is no parameter of quality like performance and reliability, where brands are irrelevant, competitive edge is the availability of product and services in terms of time, place and quality.Professor Alan McKinnon is Director of the Logistics Research Centre Alan has undertaken research on many different aspects of logistics has discussed in topics warehousing and the links between logistics and economic development in recent years says that logistics is the foremost and prior requirement for any business to grow and nourish without which a business nor a country can grow.Logistics leads to customer satisfactionThrough superior customer services like productivity, quality, cost, delivery, flexibility, safety, health, and environment organisational objectives are framed to meet customer expectations.Logistics supports strong critical functions of operating and marketingStrong and firm logistics enables an orga nization to move towards just in time production system for survival in highly competitive market.Integrated logisticsLogistics is viewed as a competency that links an enterprise with its suppliers and customers. Information about a customer flows through sales activities to forecast and orders. As product and materials are procured a value added service inventory flow is initiated ultimately results in transfer of ownership of finished products to consumers. This type of logistics support system helps an organisation to keep a track on it orders and future supply forecast to meets its customers expectations.In todays era logistics not only plays the role of distribution and transportation but also supports tools like inventory management and just in time inventory, which allows the company access towards its production, surplus and scarcity.Logistics controls and access the Inventory flowLogistics and management is concerned to movement and storage of finished goods and materials f rom the initial process of purchase. This process adds value to by moving inventory where and when needed.Logistical understandings have four areas.Physical distribution.Manufacturing support.Procurement of resources. offer chain management.Pietro Evangelista is researcher in logistics and supply chain management at the Naples Institute for Service Industry Research says that The need to improve information exchanged in the supply chain, the desire to increase customer satisfaction and the enlargement of the customer base are the three main enabling inventory factorsLogistics involved in supply chain management.Supply chain management it is the management of networks of inter connected business involved in ultimate provision of the product and services required by the end user consumer.It is management of upstream and downstream linkages, in the different process and activities that produces values in form of services and product in relation with the consumer and supplier to delive r superior customers value at less cost to supply chain on whole.It involves process like Supply chain planning.Manufacturing.Warehousing and distribution.Delivery and installation after market.Martin Christopher is Emeritus Professor of Marketing and Logistics at Cranfield school of Management. Martin Christophers particular research interests lie at the user interface between marketing and logistics reflecting his belief that these two critical activities underpin superior supply chain performance.Logistics creates value for manufacturer and suppliers throughout the worldThe services in the sector of logistics are the key to in integrating manufacturers forecasting and supply chain management to its suppliers. It helps for the inventory forecast requirement in real time. It enables cost effective and robust supply chain.Reduces inventory and management investment cost.Improves delivery times.Co-ordinate multiple components more effectively.Provide visibility, reporting and contro l.Reduces high inventory investment.Dr. yuan Xing The thesis analysed and compared physical distribution service quality (PDSQ) in the online retail market for non-food products between pure player retailers, those that only sell over the cyberspace and traditional retailers, those that use the Internet to supplement their stores and thus sell through multiple channels. The exploration of PDSQ differences and reasons which caused them from both demand- and supply- side perspectives using in-depth interviews.Logistics transforming business in todays worldLogistics in the 21st century touches each and every aspect of the organisations daily operations, and today has grown into business speciality of its own. Logistics is not only about strategic planning and resource management but also how companies go about their day and what impact it has on us. As a business speciality the magnification of globalism has formulated the practice of logistics.

The Patriot Essay -- essays research papers

The Patriot was a very accurate movie. It has gone to great lengths to have the most accurate information and to tell the trustworthy story, entirely still make it interesting. The movie itself contains tents, ammunition boxes, medical kits, campaign furniture, uniforms, weapons, battle formation and more that were made completely flawless with help from museums and the Smithsonian plant (Revolutionary War experts). Also too some amazement, the movie has very accurate weather details. One of the main things that isnt accurate but was put in the movie to show significance, was the old flag that was ripped but Gabriel sowed it back together and at the end of the movie Benjamin Martin leads the militia with it. The Theme is about exemption, but it is a different freedom then you are thinking of. Its the freedom for Benjamin Martin trying to live his life in peace and non be bothered by war. Benjamin Martin is a well known war hero from the French Indian war. After that war all he wants to do is be peaceful and live a happy life with his family. He is shortly dragged into the war because the English army comes to his farm and kills his son, so he gets his revenge and returns into another mental state of mind. Martin wants his life back the way it was with his family on his farm and being peaceful, so for this he forms a militia and fights for his freedom against the English army. &...

Tribulation Force :: Essays Papers

Tribulation Force Tribulation Force written by Tim LaHaye and Jerry B. Jenkins. It was published in association with the literary of Alive Communications, INC. in carbon monoxide gas Springs, Colorado in 1996. I got this book at the Thomasville Public Library. Jerry Jenkins is an experienced author. He has written or co-written more than one hundred books. His works choose appeared in a variety of publications, such as Readers Digest, Parade, and many Christian periodicals. He writes his books in four genres biography, marriage and family, fictionalisation for adult, and fiction for children. Mr. Jenkins also writes the Gil Thorp comic strip. Jerry Jenkins has worked on this series with Dr. Tim LaHaye. Dr. Tim LaHaye is an author, minister, and counselor. Dr. LaHaye came up with the idea to put the rapture and tribulation into a book. He has written over forty books with a wide range of subjects such as, family life temperaments and Bible prophecy. Tribulation Force is par t of a continuing series of those left butt. In the first book, left Behind, the rapture took place. The rapture is when God takes his slew or the people who has asked Jesus into their hearts up to heaven. This book is about the people that have been left behind and there struggle to survive. The books main characters are Rayford Steele, Chloe Steele, Buck Williams, and Bruce Barnes. Rayford Steele is a PAN-continental airline pilot. Rayford lost is wife and son in the disappearance (the rapture). Rayford was on his way to Israel when the disappearance took place. When he was on the plane he met Buck Williams, a newspaper journalist. They became fast friends. Chloe Steele, Rayford s daughter, is a collage student at Stanford University. She has moved back home to be closer to her father in their time of need. Chloe meets a journalist, named Cameron (Buck) Williams. They are currently going out and are in the end getting married. Buck Williams works for the clean York Global W eekly, a newspaper, as their senior writer. At home in Rayfords wifes church, New Life Community Church, they search for the reasons why their families were gone and not them. They turned to Bruce Barnes, a minister at New Life Community Church, for the answers. Bruce has told them that Jesus has came and took his people and that there will be an anti-Christ that will try to rule the world.