A&P Queenie perspective Essay -- essays research papers

A&P-QueenieEvery summer my family and I go to our house in the ness upright north of Boston. One hot summer morning, I was leaving the house to meet my family at the b each(prenominal), suddenly I remembered my mother asked me to pick up a jar of Kingfish Herring for her and her friend to snack on at the beach.I started to walk across the street to my friend Laceys house. Lacey lives just outside Detroit, but like my family, her family comes to the cape for the summer. Our families have been friends for about 10 years, but we normally dont see or talk to each other during the year, only summertime seems to bring us together. Traditionally Lacey and I leave for the beach together, even at age 7 we walked with our mothers, so I knew I had to tell her about this errand forward I left for town.Arriving at Laceys house I walk to the backdoor letting myself into the house. Lacey was putting on walloping lotion in the kitchen, Lacey, I called to her, my mom wants me to pick up snacks f or the beach, do you want to go into town with me?, Sure, she replied, do you mind if my cousin comes with us?, Of be given I dont mind, I answered, but we have to get moving, my dad only left me the car to use til noon.While driving, Lacey and I laughed art object reminiscing, over old stories of love and trouble that we seemed to get into over the past decade at the cape, Laceys cousin Mary was quite, she seemed shy.We arrived at the A&P and I realized that the store was almost devoid of whatsoever human life, but it was mid Tuesday morning most towns people were either working, or at the beach. Two men were working the front end, the cashier at register 3 was helping an older looking woman with a sun hat, Capri shorts ,and far too much make up on, the other cashier was leaning on the bag rack behind him, enjoying a break in a slow day . Both of the clerks looked as if they were in their early twenties, definently townies, the townies hated summer vacationers. Townies never sa id a word to vacationers, and you could tell in their attitude they all longed for Labor Day to roll around so everyone would go home, bringing peace to their little town again. My observations of the store and town government were... ...u decently dressed when you come in here. this man was entirely strict and conservative, as much was to be expected of a man around these part, he was most likely an avid church goer, Sunday school teacher, Boy Scout troop leader name your clich. I started again We are decent, and before I could continue Lengel interrupted me, Girls, I dont want to argue with you. After this come in here with your shoulders covered. Its our policy. and then he walked toward the clerk with a disappointed look and asks Sammy, have you rung up this purchase? with an astonished expression caused by the event that just occurred before his eyes, Sammy just now replies No and rings me up with a great deal of haste, as to get my friends and I out of this self-righteous s tore before we disgrace it any further. He hands me the change then we hurry out of the store rushing to the car.Driving out of the parking lot the car was silent, until Lacey started doing a deleterious imitation of the manager, After this come in here with your shoulders covered. Its our policy. laughing and returning to her normal voice Even at 17 you still get us into trouble, will you ever change?

Independent Media and the Internet Essay -- Newspapers Journals News P

Independent Media and the Internet Independent Media has long existed across the globe. As the voice of dissent it is often repressed by governments and corporations that look the hide the truth. Indy Media began as print newspapers that often faced high production cost and voiceless means of expanding beyond local circulation. They did not have the established means and financial backing that major news corporations had. Indy newspapers were often hard to obtain, quite expensive, and unavailing to cover on the whole major topics due to resources. Journals such as The Nation and The Progressive managed to obtain nationwide circulation, but were often unknown outside of politically left leaning groups. Sources such as The Nation actually began as a way to promote leftist ideals and views. Most mainstream media was fairly well match due to government restrictions on ownership and responsibility. The population of the United States was receiving fairly unbiased inform ation. Then came the Clinton Administration and the decision to deregulate the Broadcast Industry. Almost all major media outlets were swallowed up by a few large corporations. In several years following the deregulation the whole industry would be controlled by seven enormous corporate conglomerates. They would come to favor profits over journalistic integrity. As advocates of big business the unspoken policy has been that the news should in like manner be portrayed with conservative slants. In 1995 only 7.5% of quotes on television programming were from progressives (Myths). At approximately the same time that media was being engulfed in corporatism came the net profit boom. The first organization to really take initiative with this new medium was th... ...85684604&dyn=8xrn_7_0_A85684604?sw_aep=viva_jmu.Zimbabwe Journalist describes his illegal detention. BBC Monitoring world(prenominal) Reports. 6 February 2002. 1 April 2003 <http//web1.infotrac.galegroup.com/i tw/infomark/268/613/35524752w1/ tumble=rc1_ITOF_0_A85327330&dyn=8xrn_13_0_A85327330?sw_aep=viva_jmu.Zimbabwe journalist Mark Chavunduka, 1965-2002. Ed. Bill Krueger. Winter 2002. Nieman Reports, Harvard University. 2 April 2003. 3 April 2003 <http//web1.infotrac.galegroup.com/itw/infomark/268/613/35524752w1/purl=rc1_ITOF_0_A97175093&dyn=8xrn_1_0_A97175093?sw_aep=viva_jmu.Zimbabwe Some 500 opposition supporters reportedly detained, tortured. BBC Monitoring International Reports. 11 April 2003. <http//web1.infotrac.galegroup.com/itw/infomark/268/613/35524752w1/purl=rc1_ITOF_0_A99943264&dyn=6xrn_24_0_A99943264?sw_aep=viva_jmu.

The Importance of Informal Education Essay -- essays papers

The Importance of Informal Education Informal facts of life has for a long time been considered actually controversial in the tuition world and looked upon as just for entertainment. Informal discipline is commonly defined as learning that takes awayside of formal school settings. Informal education preempt be things such as field trips to science centers, aquariums, museums, zoos, or planetariums. All of the following places are considered to be informal settings because they are all outside the classroom area. An educational curator at a small museum in Jackson Hole, Wyoming is as much an informal educator as a director of educational programs for the Smithsonian Institution. Often informal educators are retired K-12 teachers that have received additional training and have therefore been thrust into a more prominent role to statement the nations students about mathematics and science. Many people look at field trips as pointless and unbeneficial to students at any age. But legion(predicate) will argue that informal education is only helpful when students have prior knowledge of the subject from formal education before going out of the classroom to learn. The role of prior knowledge in learning is considered of utmost importance in designing effective educational programs. Informal education is very common with science subjects. Most students cannot understand scientific principles by reading out of a book because textbooks and paper handouts can be very ironical and boring. Going on field trips to informal settings reinforces what students learn from their teachers and help them understand the topics better.Public understanding of science is considered to be one of the most important issues confront educators in todays technological world. It is see... ...ormal education to step up and play a more significant role. Informal education activities should no overnight be looked upon as a day away from school but rather an opportunity to further learni ng and have fun doing it. Informal education settings are unique from the usual classroom location so it is refreshing to learn in a different place, just like so some students enjoy when they learn as a class outside in the warm breeze after a long cold winter. Informal education provides students with a new outlook on learning and makes them more attentive. But more importantly, informal education assists formal education it does not replace it by any means. While it is hard to find a perfect exhibit to fit everyones needs, informal educators are doing the best they can. In the words of stark(a) Oppenheimer, founder of the San Francisco Exploratorium, no one flunks museum.

Genetically Modified Foods Essay -- GMOs, Genetically Modified Crops

IntroductionLets face it, the term genetically change (GM) foods is not the most appetizing word in the English language and neither is the term genetically engineered foods for that matter. Whether or not you realize it, you have consumed at least one product that contains genetically modified foods. These modified foods are hiding all over your supermarkets and in some instances, there is no bureau to tell just by looking at it. But, they have been around for more than two decades and it has helped to keep our food supply alive. The technological innovation that is genetically modified foods was first introduced during the early 1980s. It took nearly two decades of expensive research and development to move agricultural and food products from the lab and into your supermarkets (Weick & Walchi, 2002). The basic process of creating GM foods is to isolate the gene of a living organism and transfer them into a different living organism. This process is have a go at itn as recombina nt DNA or gene technology (Windley, 2008). This is done by shaveting DNA from different organisms and joining them together. The loops of DNA that are naturally found in bacteria are cut with a restriction enzyme and then combined with a gene of interest. The technology allows plant breeders to produce crops with characteristics that can withstand diseases and insects. This paper will focus on the effects of genetically modified foods on producers, consumers, and the environment. I decided to choose this topic because it has always been a subject mentioned throughout many of my science courses. I have heard the term, but never fully understood what it meant or its impact on the world. By choosing this as my research paper topic, I know it will better my und... ...ture. MEDSURG Nursing, 11(5), 242-246. Retrieved from CINAHL Plus with total Text.McCullum, C., Benbrook, C., Knowles, L., Roberts, S., & Schryver, T. (2003). Application of modern biotechnology to food and agriculture F ood systems perspective. Journal of Nutrition Education & Behavior, 35(6), 319-332. Retrieved from CINAHL Plus with Full Text.Weick,C.W., Walchli,S.B. (2002). Genetically engineered crops and foods Back to the basics of technology diffusion. Technology in Society, 21(3), 265-283. Retrieved from Science Direct.Whitman, D. B. (2000, April). Genetically modified foods Harmful or helpful? ProQuest. Retrieved April 2, 2012, from http//www.csa.com/discoveryguides/gmfood/overview.phpWindley,S. (2008). Genetically Modified Foods. vestal Health MD.Retrieved April 3, 2012, fromhttp//arch.ttu.edu/w/images/d/d8/Genetically_Modified_Foods.pdf

Roman Polanskis Repulsion Essay -- Film Movies

Roman Polanskis abhorrence Analysis of an aspect of visual form in the film Repulsion In the 1964/65 film Repulsion by Roman Polanski, the story is about the conflict amid reality and fantasy or sanity and insanity inside the main characters mind carol played by Catherine Deneuve. Therefore the narrative technique of symbolism is used to display visu entirelyy to the films audience what happens to Carols mind. In this particular instance, the degeneration of Carols state of mind is symbolised. Carols state of mind degenerates, or breaks down because of her repulsive force of masculinity in a sexual context. Through Carols eyes, we see masculinity as being aggressive, obsessive, crude/sexually suggestive, rapacious and sinister, and although these be masculine traits, they are not a full representation of males/masculinity in society. Therefore one can see that Carol has misundersas welld and give out very wary of men. She is a very pretty woman and the film uses her to display an almost stereotypical femininity weak/ fragile and delicately substantiate ironically, the complete opposite to Carols own view of men. And so, overall, the film basically represents male domination and female vulnerability. Also to highlight the difference between Carols reactions to men and her reactions to women, the writer has chosen to place her character in a beauty parlour. This is used to represent a pleasant entirely superficial world against a nasty one through Carols eyes that is. From the beginning, one can tell that there are expiration to be elements of surrealism in the film by the style in which the credit are run. These opening credits run slackly upwards (I asseverate generally as some of the credits are at angles but still maintaining an upward-ish direction) over an extreme close-up shot of Carols face, and also some credits finishing on-screen at her top eyelids whereas some finish by running off-screen. During the film, we see Carol go to work at the beauty parlour. By the camera-man crack over her shoulder, a personal view of her life and how she sees life around her. If the camera was used as her eyes, it would have made these scenes too subjective and too unsubtle. We can therefore look at the same things as Carol, but for our own sakes, though this does leave a certain ambiguity. For example, when Carol walks to work, she looks at an empty, da... ...late with the depravation rabbit and the cut-throat razor on it. This could symbolise that she is on the razors edge and that it is rotting her mind away. It is unclear why Carol has become repulsed by men and sex. It is suggested that it is to do with something or even someone in her past, e.g. she might have been sexually abused by an older person. Maybe that is why she is repulsed by the landlord and in her irrationality, she attacks him. She also regards the photo of her when she was young with happiness. That, along with the bells and the sound of girls r unning around dubbed over the film at that point, could suggest that she went to a convent school, which are all girls, and therefore makes her feel safe and protected, as the beauty parlour does. Carols neurosis of life might be that she see men as sexual objects only, not as real people, and so she is repulsed. Then one can ask, why is she repulsed by this? And the only possible answers are that she might have been abused in her childhood, or something else deep and psychological of a very sexual nature affected her back then. But it is extremely hard to say exactly what, since we are never shown any part of her past.

The Delay in Hamlet’s Revenge Essay example -- Revenge and Vengeance i

The Delay in Hamlets Revenge Hamlets first thoughts after learning of his fathers murder are of an immediate, violent revenge upon Claudius. However, his subsequent actions do not live up to these resolutions. Over four acts he takes little deliberate action against his uncle, although the ghost explicitly demands a swift revenge. In S. T. Coleridges words, Hamlets interchange weakness is that he is continually resolving to do, yet doing nothing solely resolve. Hamlets first soliloquy, following a hostile conversation with Claudius and Gertrude, shows him grief-stricken, bitter and despairing. The seeded player of Hamlets melancholy is his fathers death and the oer-hasty marriage of his mother and uncle. He feels he has to do something, but he does not know precisely what. He expresses his disgust at his mothers inconstancy and incestuous remarriage, but is bound to suffer in silence he must hold his tongue for reasons of diplomacy. The world seems empty, and he uses imagery of corruption, darkness, sickness and imprisonment to reveal his state of mind. At the beginning of the play, all Hamlet sees is a terrible situation which he has no power to change. The ghosts command consequently gives Hamlet purpose a reason to live. Its instruction is unmistakable if thou didst ever thy dear father love...revenge his foul and most unnatural murder. The apparition, armed from moderate to foot, then relates the story of Claudius treachery in graphic and horrible detail. It is now apparent to Hamlet what is rotten in the state of Denmark. Shakespeare makes it very receptive what Hamlets duty is and who his enemy is. Hamlet is charged to avenge his fathers murder and free Denmark from the shadow of the kings fr... ...e. N.p. Princeton University Press, 1972. Pitt, Angela. Women in Shakespeares Tragedies. Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from Shakespeares Women. N.p. n.p., 1981. Rosenberg, Marvin. Laertes An Impulsive but Earnest Young Aristocrat. Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. from The Masks of Hamlet. Newark, NJ Univ. of Delaware P., 1992. Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1995. http//www.chemicool.com/Shakespeare/hamlet/full.html West, Rebecca. A Court and World Infected by the unhealthiness of Corruption. Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. from The Court and the Castle. New Haven, CT Yale University Press, 1957.

The Importance of Civil Disobedience

Gandhi, Martin Luther King Junior, Rosa Parks, Cesar Chavez. Each of these people were leaders and role models to different civil rights movements. unless, they totally share similar views on how society should react to oppression. The motive behind each and every protest in Ameri fag end History is civil disobedience, an idea thought up by Thoreau while he spent the night in jail, due to tax evasion. He believed that government is best which governs least. 1 His revolutionary idea weaved its way into the stuff of the Statesn life.As free people, we see it as our right to protest all laws we see unjust. In a society which controls, the need to rebel give forever and a day be present. This theme is abundant throughout the many different time periods in The Night Thoreau Spent in Jail. Early American newspapers were very much opinion based. These articles slowly became less and less fond of the King and his laws. For example, the Pennsylvania Gazette contains many articles perta ining to the injustice of the stamp act. This particular paper contains a divide from a meeting with the Sons of casualness.The first point states, we exit cheerfully, to the utmost of our power, defend all of our just rights and privileges, as they have always been heretofore allowed us2. The Sons of Liberty make it clear to the public that no injustices allow for go un noniced. The paper continues, that we will oppose all attempts to deprive us of our rights and privileges as Englishmen. And therefore will at all events oppose the operation of that defeatable thing called the Stamp Act, in this colony3 This article is peerless of the first to take a stand up against oppression.The Sons of Liberty published many columns similar to this one in papers throughout the colonies. Although these articles may seem aggressive the motive is still passive. That we will, in all cases, behave ourselves peaceably as far as our influence extends, weill preserve the public peace 4 They are r ecognized as pioneers in the subject area of civil disobedience. Thoreau can be thought of as the father of civil disobedience, turning what was once a bloodbath for power into a peaceful thus far effective plan for change.In all of his writing it is clear that Thoreau is not fond of American government, or any other government. Henry Thoreau once said, any fool can make a rule, and any fool will mind it5. This quote summarizes how Thoreau felt about politics. It is frustrating how one fool can pass a law which effects everybody, however what Henry could not stand, is how the majority of people would stand by and let it happen. Anyone who has studied Thoreau would know that his biggest ducky peeves are the government and conformity. He believed that disobedience is the true foundation of liberty.The obedient must be slaves6. As Americans, we deserve the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. The dictionary comment of liberty is freedom from arbitrary or despotic g overnment or control. 7 This means that we deserve the right to rebel against government control. Maybe Thoreau was not as revolutionary as some thought, he was simply quoting the Constitution of the United States of America. Civil disobedience was catching on in the colonies as taxes got higher.However the phenomenon was not as popular in Britain. It has been reported to the King that several writings nder the title of Revolutions, or Protests or different bodies and communities, cary with them an air of disobedience and revolt. These writings are in their form-illegal-in the effect that they are intended to produce-fallacious superiority over the royal authority8. These letters were a response to articles such as the one put forth by the Sons of Liberty. The King would send ultimatum after ultimatum, attempting to stop civil disobedience from becoming mainstream.The King being in his council, sets that the deliberations and protests of his courts and other assemblies make since the publication of his laws of the 8th of May articularly officers of the courts, or other judges, to afflict just penalties 9 Yet his threats did not stop the rebellion from coming. Like previously stated, in a society which controls, the need to rebel will always be present. Through the hard work of Henry Thoreau, the Sons of Liberty, and all those who opposed British rule, America is now a separate and free country. However as long as a government controls the way people live there will always be a need to rebel. Societys right to free speech is essential in the preservation of freedom.Hopefully citizens will always see the positive outcomes of peaceful rebellion, it has and continues to shape the way our country works. The American society would not be what it is today without people crossing the line in order to show better ideas that will benefit the future that we live in today. Martin Luther King proved this when he crossed the line and protested in order to eliminate segreg ation. Now Americans can live freely together, in a society that rebelled, and is now better off than it ever has been before.

Indias Space Programme Essay

The country is now capable of launching its own positioncraft. In fact, it offers this service to many other countries. directly India has made landmark progress with the launch of Chandrayan for its moon mission. India started its space curriculum with the launch of eldest space artificial satellite Aryabhatta on April 19, 1975. This space satellite was named aft(prenominal) the great Indian astronomer and mathematician of the 5th century, Aryabhatta. It was launched from a soviet cosmodrome with the help of a Soviet rocket. It marked Indias giant leap and made her the 11th country to join the space club. The second satellite Bhaskara was launched on June 7, 1979. It was also launched from a Soviet cosmodrome. It was named after two eminent personalitiesBhaskara I and Bhaskara II. It was followed by Rohini. It was the first Indian satellite put into the space by SLV-III, an Indian rocket. It was launched from Sriharikota in Andhra Pradesh on July 9, 1980. It was developed by the scientists of ISRO.It was the success of the mission of SLV-III which brought recognition to the space programme of India. Indias quaternityth satellite Rohini II was launched by the launch vehicle SLV-III from Sriharikota on May 31, 1981. It was designed to provide useful data for 300 days. It was charge 38 kg. It was known as Indias first development rocket flight. Unfortunately, it burnt in space on June 8, 1981, without completing its mission. Bhaskara II, Indias fifth satellite in space, was launched on November 20, 1981 from Soviet cosmodrome Volgograd. It was the earth observation satellite. It was a milestone in the space journey of India as it brought to India the honour of being a space nation. Apple, an experimental geostationary communication satellite, was launched on June 19, 1981. It was launched with French coordination. With this, India entered the domestic satellite communication era. India launched INSAT-1A on April 10, 1982. India joined the select group of technically advanced countries. solely this mission failed on September 6, 1982. In April 1983, India successfully launched Rohini satellite (RS-D-2).It marked the opening of new horizons for India. Indias ninth satellite INSAT-1B became fully operational in October 1983. It was the worlds first geo-stationary satellite combining services like telecommunication, mass communication and meteorological. It was launched in August 1983 from US Space Shuttle Challenger. Indias space programme is primarily driven by the vision of great scientist Dr. Vikram Sarabhai. He is considered as the Father ofIndian Space Programme. The main objective of Indias space programme has been to promote the development of application of Space Science and technology for socio-economic benefits of the country. The launching of Chandrayan I in 2008 marked a milestone in the history of space technology of India. Chandrayan will orbit around the earth for two years. During the period, it will send data to scien tists.The scientists with the help of the data will view various aspects of moon, and will prepare a map of the moon. The map will further help in the study of moon. Then onward India made back-to-back progress in the field of space research. It launched INSAT series satellite which made Indias position stronger in the comity of nation. India has now become self-reliant in terms of launching vehicles and telecommunications. Now India offers telecommunication services to other countries. The launching of satellites like IRSs, ASLVs, PSLVs have placed India in the exclusive club of four nationsUSA, Russia, France and Israel. Captain Rakesh Sharma was the first astronaut of India. Now the country enjoys a respectful position in the countries of the world.

Analysis of Different Banks Performance in Bangladesh by Using Published Financial Statements

07 August 2007 Md. Mahfuzur Rahman 2003-2-10-187 BBA East West University Dear Mahfuz As the students of business administproportionn are supposed to mug up a Report and submit that at the end of the semester, you are authorized to choose an raiseing issue and construct a formal compensate on that. The issue should be the Analysis of Basel Agreement and Its influence on confides of Bangladesh. The address should accept some key steps such as Executive summary, introduction, conclusion, ascendents of entropy and the analysis. The title should be a statement which leave describe the describe precisely.I depart appreciate if you prepare the report according to the instruction given. Thanks Nikhil Chandra Shil Senior Lecturer & Assistant Proctor East West University 07 August, 2007 Nikhil Chandra Shil Senior Lecturer & Assistant Proctor incision of personal conviction line Administ ration 43 Mohakhali C/A expectant of Bangladesh, Bangladesh Dear Sir Here is the report on the Analysis of Basel Agreement and Its influence on marges of Bangladesh. As you will find that I expect conducted an in-depth investigation and analysis of disparate types ratio and tried to analyze certain circle and displayed our results of analysis and findings in this report.I will reall(a)y appreciate if you go through the report and express your feedback on that. Thanks Sincerely Md. Mahfuzur Rahman 2003-2-10-187 Acknowledgement The report is based on the dandy punishment analysis of different trust in Bangladesh. While any an all errors of fact, omission, and emphasis are solely our responsibility. I would remiss, if I did non find those who helped me to prepare this report. First of all I must humbly acknowledge the contri thation of Nikhil Chandra Shil for the time and effort to help me.I fuddle had the right-hand(a) fortunate of meeting him in personally and share his views and ideas. Next I must thank the University for offering us this project (BUS 498) ra ils and our course instructor for his encouragement and cooperation. I believe it will help us in understanding and identifying different types of encounter in the coasting sector. Finally, I would kindred to acknowledge the contributions of my parents. Although they didnt write a single word of this report or any artworks, but their imprint dissolve be found on e trulything I do. They rear me, encourage e, and inspire me. They give my work and my live -meaning. It is my M new(prenominal) who tenders me all the love and affection. Chapter 1 04-16 1. 1 Origin of the Report, Objective 06 1. 2 Methodology, Scope, Limitations 08 1. Executive thickset 09 1. 4 Introduction 11 1. 5 affirming Indus settle Overview 12 1. 6 opinion Rating Status 16 Chapter 2 17-22 2. Key profitability Ratios In believeing 17 2. 2 Earning Per circumstances 18 2. 3 Liquidity venture 20 2. 4 Credit adventure 20 2. 5 seat of g everywherenment take chances 21 3. Key positi vity Ratios In pious platitudeing 23 3. 2 Earning Per function 24 3. 3 Liquidity run a as take of infection 26 3. 4 Credit run a try 26 3. 5 corking happen 27 4. Key Profitability Ratios In savings buzzwording 29 4. 2 Earning Per Share 30 4. 3 Liquidity Risk 32 4. 4 Credit Risk 33 4. 5 Capital Risk 34 5. 1 Key Profitability Ratios In Banking 35 5. Earning Per Share 36 5. 3 Liquidity Risk 38 5. 4 Credit Risk 38 5. 5 Capital Risk 39 6. Key Profitability Ratios In Banking 41 6. 2 Earning Per Share 42 6. 3 Liquidity Risk 44 6. 4 Credit Risk 45 6. Capital Risk 45 Chapter 7 urban center Bank 47-52 7. 1 Key Profitability Ratios In Banking 47 7. 2 Earning Per Share 48 7. 3 Liquidity Risk 50 7. Credit Risk 51 7. 5 Capital Risk 51 Chapter 8 Uttara Bank 53-58 8. 1 Key Profitability Ratios In Banking 53 8. 2 Earning Per Share 54 8. Liquidity Risk 55 8. 4 Credit Risk 56 8. 5 Capital Risk 57 Chapter 9 Prime Bank 59-64 9. 1 Key Profitabili ty Ratios In Banking 59 9. 2 Earning Per Share 60 9. Liquidity Risk 62 9. 4 Credit Risk 63 9. 5 Capital Risk 63 Chapter 10 Southeast Bank 65-70 10. 1 Key Profitability Ratios In Banking 65 10. Earning Per Share 66 10. 3 Liquidity Risk 68 10. 4 Credit Risk 68 10. 5 Capital Risk 67 Chapter 11 closing 71-73 11. 1 Conclusion 71 11. Bibliography 73 Chapter-1 Introduction ORIGIN OF THE REPORT This report has been prepared as a requirement for the completion of the BBA program of the Department of stemma Administration, at East West University, Dhaka. OBJECTIVE The main objective of the report is to illuminate on the different ratio analysis of some major private bank in Bangladesh and its Comparative Analysis with other Banks prevailing in the market.I will similarly try to find out how the performance of the bank is improving over the familys and how it is contributing to the growth of the banking sector. The next specific objectives chiffonier be identified 1. To make a comparative reputation on nine major private bank in Bangladesh. 2. To suggest suimesa measures to remove the existing enigmas (if any) & improve the present condition. DATA Data utilize in this project are derived from the published fiscal statements of nine banks operate in Bangladesh as of 31 December 2001, 31 to December 2005 from 48 banks operating in Bangladesh.There are some banks whose financial statements either are not avail sufficient or contain some incomplete or deficient accounts, or are contradictory hence they are deleted from observation. Banks are chosen by their status of operation. I sop up chosen some Liquidated Banks, some occupation Banks, and some Normal Banks for my research. INITIAL VARIABLES There are some basic financial performance and structural feature films to evaluate a bank, namely profitability, efficiency or productivity, quality of assets, growth and aggressiveness, liquidity, size, keen adequacy, income diversification, and dependence on affiliates.There is, certainly, no single vari satisfactory which could measure and represent each characteristic perfectly. There are, typically, several(prenominal) vari adapteds that proximate to a characteristic of enkindle. Based on literature review on banking and financial institutions and initial judgment, I chose the following variables to represent each characteristic as listed below. Earning and profitability retrovert on Assets (ROA) = exonerate Income / Assets (NI/A) retrogress on lawfulness (hard roe) = Net Income / faithfulness (NI/E) reelect on Earning Assets (ROEA) = Net Income / Earning Assets (NI/EA) Return on gives (ROL) = Interest Income / Loans (II/L)Interest Income / Earning Assets (II/EA) Net Interest Income / Earning Assets (NII/EA) Interest boundary line (IM) = Return on Fund Cost of Fund (IM) Productivity and Efficiency Operating write down / Operating Income (OE/OI) Profit margin (PM) = Earning Before Taxes / Operating Income (E BT/OI) Sta. Expense / Assets (SE/A) Non- elicit Expense / Assets (NonIE/A) Quality of Assets Write-offs / Loans (W/L) preparedness for Loan Losses / Loans (PLL/L) Provision for Loan Losses / right (PLL/E) Capital Adequacy Equity / Assets (E/A) Equity / Earning Assets (E/EA)Equity / Loans (E/L) Growth and Aggressiveness Loans Growth Rate (LGR) Loans-Market-Share Increment (LMSI) Deposit Growth Rate (DGR) Deposit-Market-Share Increment (DMSI) Equity Growth Rate (EGR) Loans to Deposit Ratio = Loans / Deposit (L/D) Credibility or Cost of Fund Interest Expense / Deposit (IE/D) Interest Expense / trey Party Fund (IE/TPF) Size ln (Assets) (lnA) Income and Sources of Fund Diversification Non- saki Income / Operating Income (NonII/OI) Deposit / Third Party Fund (D/TPF) Liquidity Liquid Assets / Deposit (LA/D) METHODOLOGYThe discover required information regarding the past & present condition of different Bank in Bangladesh. Necessary data and information were gathered, secondary data, an d annual report. a) Sources of Data The following sources had been calld for the purpose the purpose of collecting data as required for this report Primary sources I) Observation, ii) Personal communication with course instructor auxiliary Sources I) yearbook and other tipical reports of different Bank in Bangladesh ii) Various manuals (conditions of usance guides) and brochures, iii) Service Rules & IV) Miscellaneous Publications.SCOPE The report is limited to the understanding of book of facts risk, capital risk, liquidity risk analysis, and find out the key profitability ratio, and a comparative interpretation to that analysis. It was really difficult for me to gather all the necessary information because the managers were not cooperative at all. As a result, we have chosen the following nine banks based on the availability of information we get. LIMITATIONS 1. As a student of business administration, analyzing of different sorts of risk and ratio is new for me so it took s ome time to understand.Besides three months time is inadequate to prepare such a robust report. 2. It was very difficult to get the actual information from the annual report some of the information is not given the annual report. 3. capable records, publications were not available. The constraints narrowed the scope of real analysis. 4. Most of the time I have faced the problem with the annual report which is prepared before 2000. 5. invoice practice is different for the different bank. 6. Credit WorthinessAt present, we do not have any reference work rating company in our countrified and information on the customer from the third society is alike not always reliable. Therefore, we need to make our own scoring system. Since it will be a very difficult to prepare a standard scoring system to assess everybodys credit worthiness so we shall also have outstrip substantially depend on judgmental analysis to make decision on every individual cases. Every individual case shall be p reposterous and separate from others. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Bank Profitability Liquidity Risk Credit Risk Capital Risk Dhaka Bank middling economic crisis Low norm NCC Bank advanced-pitched High Low Average discipline Bank Average Low Average High Al-Arafah Bank Average High High High Eastern Bank High* Low Average Low City Bank High Low Average Average Uttara Bank High High Low Average Prime Bank High** Average Low Low Southeast Bank Average High Average Average TABLE Summery of Risk Categories Risk Type Definition Comment Country Risk ( The risk that a counter troupe is unable to meet its ( Country risk is often confused with sovereign risk, foreign currency obligations as a result of adverse which is the counter party credit risk of the government. economic conditions or actions taken by governments in the relevant country. ( Country Risk is also often referred to as transfer risk or cross border risk. ( Country related events such as economic dow nturn, political changes devaluation etc. ill often have significant electrical shock on the other risks that SCB must manage. Credit Risk ( The risk that a counter party will not settle its ( Assessing this risk requires an understanding of the obligations in accordance within agreed terms customers ability and willingness to pay but also its understanding of the risks it faces and how well it manages them e. g. environmental risks Liquidity Risk ( The isk that cash in hand will not be available to meet ( Includes the counselling of cash flow under business as liabilities as they fall due usual and stress conditions together with setting of targets for balance sheet ratios. Market Risk ( The risk of loss generated by adverse changes in the ( Does not include the risk of apostrophize movements in other price of assets or contracts currently held by the markets e. g. stocks and shares, property, commodities. company (this risk is also known as price risk). Does include basis risk. Capital Risk ( The risk that a bank capital might be undergone ( Equity Capital/ essence Assets has been change magnitude but Purchased currency/ agree Liabilities Business Risk ( The risk of failing to achieve business targets due ( Includes decisions on the markets we operate in, to inappropriate strategies, inadequate resources or products offered, and customers targeted and the terms and changes in the economic or competitive environment conditions of conducting business. Legal and Regulatory Risk ( The risk of non compliance with legal or regulatory ( Includes banking specific legislation and regulations requirements. but also all applicable laws. In extreme cases could lead to loss of banking license(s). Source Bank Management & Financial Services (6th Edition) Pages 161, 162, 164, 328, 472. INTRODUCTION The overall objective of my project report is to clearly identify and briefly discuss about the performance analysis of differ ent bank in Bangladesh. To nalyze the performance of different bank I have analyzed different ratio and provided some interpretation of them. I have taken a nitty-gritty nine bank to evaluate the performance of them. And try to make a comparison among all of the following. 1. Dhaka Bank Ltd 2. NationalCredit Ltd. 3. NationalBank Ltd. 4. Al-Arafah Islami Bank Limited (Al-Arafah) 5. Eastern BankLtd. 6. The CityBank Ltd. 7. Uttara Bank 8. Prime Bank Ltd. 9. South EastBank Ltd Customer satisfaction is one of the core objectives of different bank. Taking decision to provide credit facility to a corporate customer is not easy in this fast changing global environment especially in Bangladesh.To liquified the whole process the work is divided. So, before making a decision the every necessary information should be carefully analyzed by different departments and different people who have gained expertise in their related field. Thus it helps both in making correct decision and smoothen the process to reward the customer need quickly. A bank is an organization that engages in the business of banking. Banks perform three functions 1. Provide the essence of payment through administering the checking account system. 2. intermediate between clingors and borrowers by offering savings and time deposit- to depositors and providing all types of brings to borrowers. 3.Provide a variety of financial services, encompassing fiduciary services, investment banking and off-balance sheet risk taking. Commercial banks are private profit seeking enterprises, balancing risk and bribe to their portfolio management with the goal of maximizing shareholder wealth. Share holders wealth depends on three factors 1. The volume of cash flows resulting from portfolio decisions. 2. The timing of those cash flows 3. The risk and volatility of the cash flows. Commercial banks face six risks 1. Credit or Default risk 2. Interest-rate risk 3. Liquidity risk 4. Operational risk 5. Capital. Risk 6 . Fraud risk The Modern definition of a bank is, An institution that provides all financial services (Source SCB Handbook) and the core activity of a bank is to collect money from the people who has surplus with them and lend those money to people who has deficit, known as credit facility. Customers sought different kind of credit facility from banks and the banks try to provide as many as they can within their limited scope. Every bank follows a predefined structured procedure in providing credit facilities to their customers. BANKING INDUSTRY OVERVIEW The banking labor in Bangladesh is more than 600 years old. The first commercial bank was ANZ Grindlays Bank which undefendable in1905. The central bank of the country, Bangladesh Bank controls and monitors the banking industry.At present there are 52 commercial (nationalized, foreign and local) banks. Currently, the major financial institutions under the banking system include ? Bangladesh Bank ? Commercial Banks ? Islamic Banks ? Leasing Companies ? Finance Companies ? Merchant Banks Generally, the commercial banks and finance companies provide a myriad of banking products/services to cater to the needs of their customers. However, the Bangladeshi banking industry is characterized by the tight banking rules and regulation s set by the Bangladesh Bank. All banks and financial institutions are highly governed and controlled under the Banking Companies Act-1993. The range of banking products and financial services is also limited in scope.All local banks must maintain a 4% bullion Reserve Requirement (CRR), which is non-interest bearing and a 16% Secondary Liquidity Requirement (SLR). With the liberalization of markets, competition among the banking products and financial services seems to be growing more intense each day. In addition, the banking products offered in Bangladesh are somewhat homogeneous in nature due to the tight regulations imposed by the central bank. Competing through differentiation is i ncreasingly difficult and other banks quickly reproduction any innovative banking service. Bangladesh Bank Bangladesh Bank (BB) has been working as the central bank since the countrys independence.Its prime jobs include issuing of currency, maintaining foreign exchange reserve and providing deed facilities of all public mo electronic networkary matters. BB is also responsible for planning the governments monetary policy and implementing it thereby. The BB has a governing body comprising of nine members with the Governor as its chief. by from the head office in Dhaka, it has nine more branches, of which two in Dhaka and one each in Chittagong, Rajshahi, Khulna, Bogra, Sylhet, Rangpur and Barisal. Nationalized Commercial Banks (NCBs) 1. Sunali Bank 2. Rupali bank 3.Janata Bank 4. Agrani Bank Private Commercial Banks (PCBs) 1. Pubali Bank 2. Uttara Bank 3. National Bank 4. The City Bank Ltd. 5. UnitedCommercialBank Ltd. 6. ArabBangladesh Bank Ltd. 7. IFIC BankLtd. 8.Eastern Bank Ltd. 9. National Credit & Comerce Bank Ltd. 10. Prime Bank Ltd. 11. South East bank Ltd. 12. Dhaka Bank Ltd 13. Dutch-BanglaBank Ltd. 14. Mercantile Bank Ltd. 15. StandardBank Ltd. 16. One BankLtd. 17. EXIM Bank 18. BangladeshCommerce Bank Ltd. 19. MutualTrust BankLtd. 20. FirstSecurity Bank Ltd. 21. The PremierBank Ltd. 22. Bank AsiaLtd. 23. The Trust Bank Ltd. 24. Brac Bank Ltd. Islamic Banks 1.Islami Bank Bangladesh Limited (IBBL) Al Baraka Bank Bangladesh Limited (AL-Baraka) Al-Arafah Islamic Bank Ltd. (Al-Arafah) Social Investment Bank Limited (SIBL) Faysal Islamic Bank of Bahrain EC (FIBB) 6. Shah Jalal Bank Limited (Based on Islamic Shariah) Foreign / Multinational Banks 1. Habib Bank Ltd. 2.State Bank Of India 3. CreditAgricole Indosuez (The Bank) 4. NationalBank of Pakistan 5. MuslimCommercial Bank Ltd. 6. City Bank NA 7. Hanvit Bank Ltd. 8. HSBC Ltd. 9. Shamil IslamiBank Of Bahrain EC 10. Standard Chartered Bank Developme nt Banks 1. BangladeshKrishi Bank 2. Rajshahi Krishi UnnayanBank 3. BangladeshShilpa Bank 4. BangladeshShilpa RinSangstha 5. Bank ofSmall Industries &CommerceBangladesh Ltd. Other Banks 1. Ansar VDPUnnayanBank 2. BangladeshSamabaiBank Ltd. BSBL) 3. GrameenBank 4. KarmasansthanBank Credit Rating Status of Researching Banks Operating in Bangladesh SL. NO. Name of Bank Credit Rating Report Rating as of Name of the Agency Remarks Long Term Short Term 01. Dhaka Bank Ltd - - 31. 12. 6 CRAB Expected to complete by May 07 02. NCC Bank Ltd - - - CRAB Expected to complete by May 07 03. National Bank Ltd A ST-2 31/12/06 CRAB - 04. Al-Arafah Islami - - 31. 12. 06 CRISL Expected to Bank Ltd complete 05. Eastern Bank Ltd A ST-3 30/06/06 CRISL - 06. The City Bank Ltd A- ST-3 31/12/06 CRISL - 07. Uttara Bank Ltd - - 31. 12. 6 CRISL Expected to complete by 30. 06. 07 08. Prime Bank Ltd AA ST-2 31/12/06 CRISL 09. South Eas t Bank LtdA ST-3 22/06/06 CRAB CR report based on Dec06, Source Bangladesh Bank (www. bangladesh-bank. org) Chapter-2 Dhaka Bank Limited Key Profitability Ratios in Banking 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Return on Asset( ROA) 0. 015 0. 012 0. 013 0. 013 0. 014 Net interest Margin 0. 019 0. 021 0. 019 0. 022 0. 023 Net non-interest Margin 0. 024 0. 030 0. 022 0. 020 0. 019 Net Bank Operating Margin 0. 49 0. 243 0. 285 0. 282 0. 311 pic Return on Equity Return on rightfulness capital is a measure of the rate of return flowing to the banks shareholder. It approximates the net benefit that the shareholders have received from commit their capital in the bank. During the full point of 2001-2005 the meat return on the righteousness was 0. 274 which means 27. 4%. But if we look at every individual year we can recite that it has decreased year by year. The ratio was decreased because of the bank has change magnitude the righteousness capital over the year and declared th e bonus share as a dividend. Return on AssetsThe Return on the asset is primarily power of managerial efficiency. It indicates how capably the management of the bank has been converting the institutions assets into net earning. From the above analysis we can see that during the current of 2001-2005 the fair ratio was 1. 3%. Return on assets has increased over time. That means the bank was able to increase the efficiency in managing asset from 2001-2005. Net Interest Margin The net interest edge measures how elephantine a spread between interest tax incomes and interest courts. Management has been able to achieve of secretive control over the banks earning assets and the pursuits of the cheapest source of documentation.The total net bank interest border for Dhaka bank was 2. 1% during 2001-2005. By looking at the table we can say that it has increased boundary by layover accept 2003, which indicates a good signal for the Bank. Net Non Interest Margin The non-interest marg in measures the add together of non interest revenue streaming from deposits charges and other service fees the bank has been able to collect relative to the criterion of non interest cost incurred (including salaries and wages, repair and maintenance cost on bank facilities and loan loss expense). The net non interest margin was 2. 30% during the boundary of 2001-2005. It has decline over the heads accept 2001.The income from the non interest source, like treasury bill, commission on brokerage, and commission from the letter of credit has been declined over the years. Earning Per Share 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Earning Per Share 41. 255 42. 635 39. 024 46. 894 53. 864 pic Earning per share measures the earning against per share. During the period 2001-2005, the average earning per share was Tk 44. 73. Though it is not so attractive figure for Dhaka Bank, but positive fact is it has increased over times. break Down OF ROE 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Banks degree of asset utili zation 0. 043 0. 050 0. 045 0. 045 0. 045 The banks fairness multiplier 29. 02 21. 33 17. 20 18. 94 14. 92 Net Profit Margin Net profit margin has fluctuated over time. But if we look at the average which was 29. 39% with the past five years, we can say that last five years net profit margin was break dance. Banks compass point of Assets Utilization Banks Degree of Assets Utilization was 4. 5% during 2001-2005 which was not bad as compare to other banks. Equity Multiplier picDuring the period of 2001-2005 the average faithfulness multiplier was 20. 283. By the comeliness multiplier ratio we can say that it is highest in 2001 which was 09. 02%. that means the risk of the failure was also highest for that period. As the risk was higher(prenominal), we can say that the banks profit margin also was higher for that period. Liquidity Risk 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Cash and Due from Banks/ heart Assets 0. 152 0. 122 0. 093 0. 071 0. 079 Cash and government activity Securities/ tot ality Assets 0. 062 0. 076 0. 98 0. 137 0. 155 pic Purchased finances/Total Assets If the use of purchased is more that increases the chance of liquidity crunch in the event of withdrawals rises or the loan quality declines. During 2001-2005, as the average ratio was 1. 44%, we can say that the liquidity risk for the bank is lower for the Bank. Cash and Government Securities/Total Assets Cash and Government securities was 10. 54% of the total assets on an average which was not so much good for the Bank because cash and government securities are the most liquid assets for a bank. So bank may face liquidity problem in the future. Credit Risk 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Total Loans/Total Deposits 0. 56 0. 67 0. 70 0. 74 0. 82 pic Provision for Loan Losses/Total Loans Provision for Loan Losses/Total Loans indicates the amount which should be kept as preparedness for loan losses from the total loan. During the period (2001-2005) the average amount of provision for the loan loses was 0. 6%. This indicates a very good signal for the bank. That means Banks credit risk is very low because the bank has been able to collect the loan very efficiently. Total Loans/Total Deposits Total Loans/Total Deposits indicates the total loan amount that goes from the total deposit.During (2001-2005), on an average 68. 86% of the total deposit distribute as loan. This indicates they have distributed a big portion of their deposited amount as loan. That is some what risky but as their provision for loan losses was very low they will have no problems with this. Capital Risk 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Purchased Funds/Total Liabilities 0. 016 0. 011 0. 012 0. 012 0. 025 pic Equity Capital/Total Assets Equity Capital/Total Assets indicates that the amount of equity capital invested in the total assets.During the period of 2001-2005 their equity capital was on an average 5. 20% of their total assets, which indicates they have financed very few of their investment by equity and it is grad ually increased over the period. Purchased Funds/Total Liabilities Purchased Funds/Total Liabilities indicates that the amount of non deposit financial obligation in the total liability structure. If the purchased fund increases that means the capital risk are also increases. During the period of 2001-2005 1. 52% of the liability was financed by the purchased fund that means non deposit sources which is not the core area of the business. That means the capital risk for the bank is low for the Bank. Chapter-3 NCC Bank Limited Key Profitability Ratios In Banking 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Return on Asset( ROA) 0. 014 0. 011 0. 044 0. 013 0. 013 Net interest Margin 0. 024 0. 024 0. 232 0. 020 0. 023 Net non-interest Margin 0. 028 0. 027 0. 195 0. 032 0. 346 Net Bank Operating Margin 0. 280 0. 230 0. 080 0. 255 0. 240 pic Return on EquityReturn on equity capital is a measure of the rate of return flowing to the banks shareholder. It approximates the net benefit that the sharehold ers have received from investing their capital in the bank. During the period of 2001-2005 the average return on the equity was to 19. 6%. If we compare it to the Dhaka Bank we can say that it is not good. The ratio was low because the bank has increased the equity capital over the year and declared the bonus share as a dividend. Return on Assets The Return on the asset is primarily indicator of managerial efficiency. It indicates how proficiently the management of the bank has been converting the institutions assets into net earning.From the above analysis we can see that for the period of 2001-2005 the average ratio was 1. 9%. which was some what better than Dhaka Bank. That means the bank was able to increase the efficiency in managing asset from 2001-2005. Net Interest Margin The net interest margin measures how large a spread between interest revenues and interest costs. Management has been able to achieve of close control over the banks earning assets and the pursuits of the c heapest source of funding. The net bank interest margin for Dhaka bank was 2. 1% during the year of 2001-2005. But the net margin of NCC Bank was 6. 46%. that means the banks was able to increase the cheapest source of funding from 2001-2005. Net Non Interest MarginThe non-interest margin measures the amount of non interest revenue streaming from deposits charges and other service fees the bank has been able to collect relative to the amount of non interest cost incurred (including salaries and wages, repair and maintenance cost on bank facilities and loan loss expense). The average net non interest margin was 12. 5% during the period of 2001-2005. That means the bank was able to collect more income from the non interest source and it has increases over time. They have been able to generate more income from the non interest source like Treasury bill, commission on brokerage, and commission from the letter of credit. Earning Per Share 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Earnings Per Share 54. 14 44. 47 30. 99 46. 91 36. 11 pic Earning per share measures the earning against per share. During the period of 2001-2005, the average earning per share was Tk 42. 524. Their earning per share has decrease over time and if we compare with other bank we can say that it is not sufficient. Breaking Down of ROE 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Banks degree of asset utilization 0. 052 0. 50 0. 544 0. 052 0. 056 The banks equity multiplier 16. 91 20. 33 1. 92 17. 46 14. 04 Net Profit Margin During 2001-2005 the average the net bank operating margin was 21. 7%. If we look at the individual data it is not good because it has fluctuated over time. Banks Degree of Assets Utilization They have get 15. 08% operating revenue in 2001-2005 by using their total assets. Over the period it was consistent accept 2003. Equity Multiplier pic During the period of 2001-2005, the average equity multiplier was 14. 32.By the equity multiplier ratio we can say that it is substantially higher, that means the risk of the failure is also high for the period. As the risk is higher so the banks profit margin is also higher. Liquidity risk 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Cash and Due from Banks/Total Assets 0. 158 0. 067 0. 499 0. 042 0. 052 Cash and Government Securities/Total Assets 0. 100 0. 148 0. 166 0. 208 0. one hundred ten pic Purchased Funds/Total AssetsIf the use of purchased funds are more that increases the chance of liquidity crunch in the event of withdrawals rises or the loan quality declines. During the period of 2001-2005, as the average ratio was 1. 44%, we can say that the liquidity risk for the bank was low. Cash and Government Securities/Total Assets Average Cash and Government Securities/Total Assets in 2001-2005 was 44. 48%. The total assets have come from the cash and government securities. Credit Risk 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Provision for Loan Losses/Total Loans 0. 02 0. 02 0. 2 0. 02 0. 02 Total Loans/Total Deposits 0. 84 0. 82 0. 81 0. 89 0. 96 pic Provision for Loan Losses/Total Loans Provision for Loan Losses/Total Loans indicates the amount which should be kept as provision for loan losses from the total loan. During the period of 2001-2005 the average amount of provision for the loan loss was 1. 9% of the total loans. As the provision for the loan loss was very low, we can say that the credit risk for the bank was lower for the Bank and the bank has been able to collect the loan more efficiently. Total Loans/Total DepositsTotal Loans/Total Deposits indicates the total loan amount that goes from the total deposit. If we look at the graph we will see that the Total loan/Total Deposits gradually has increased over time. That means the Bank has increased the loan as well as credit risk. But historical data say that their loan collection is pretty impressive. On an average they have distributed 86. 19% of their deposits as loan. Capital Risk 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Purchased Funds/Total Liabilities 0. 037 0. 048 0. 057 0. 048 0. 818 pic Equity Capital/Total AssetsEquity Capital/Total Assets indicates that the amount of equity capital invested in the total assets. During the period of 2001-2005, on an average 15. 17% total asset was financed by the equity. If we think about the risk of the Bank, it is high. Because a huge amount of money they have financed by debt equity. Purchased Funds/Total Liabilities Purchased Funds/Total Liabilities indicates that the amount of non deposit liability in the total liability structure. If the purchased fund increases that means the capital risk are also increases. During the period of 2001-2005, 20. 16% of the liability was financed by the purchased fund that means non deposit sources which is not the core area of the business.Chapter-4 National Bank Key Profitability Ratios In Banking 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Return on Asset( ROA) 0. 006 0. 003 0. 002 0. 004 0. 005 Net interest Margin 0. 012 0. 011 0. 011 0. 012 0. 011 Net non-interest Margin 0. 025 0. 026 0. 27 0. 029 0. 0 31 Net Bank Operating Margin 0. 224 0. 083 0. 048 0. 087 0. 118 pic Return on Equity Return on equity capital is a measure of the rate of return flowing to the banks shareholder. It approximates the net benefit that the shareholders have received from investing their capital in the bank. During the period of 2001-2005 the average return on the equity was 10. 1%. The ratio was not attractive because of the bank has increased the equity capital over the year and declared the bonus share as a dividend. The Return on AssetsThe Return on the asset is primarily indicator of managerial efficiency. It indicates how capably the management of the bank has been converting the institutions assets into net earning. From the above analysis we can say that during the period of 2001-2005 the average ratio 0. 4%. It is not so attractive. The bank was not able to increase the efficiency in managing asset from 2001 to 2005. The net interest Margin The net interest margin measures how large a spread between interest revenues and interest costs. Management has been able to achieve of close control over the banks earning assets and the pursuits of the cheapest source of funding.The net bank interest margin for Dhaka bank was 12% during 2001-2005. But the average net interest margin for National bank was 1. 14%. That means the banks was able to increase the cheapest source of funding from 2001 to 2005 but that is not substantial for the bank. The Non-interest Margin The non-interest margin measures the amount of non interest revenue streaming from deposits charges and other service fees the bank has been able to collect relative to the amount of non interest cost incurred (including salaries and wages, repair and maintenance cost on bank facilities and loan loss expense). The average net non interest margin was 2. 8% for 2001-2005.Though it has increased over period, they were not able to generate more income from the non interest source like Treasury bill, commission on brokerage , and commission from the letter of credit. The performance of the bank is stable over the years. Earning Per Share 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Earnings Per Share 63. 78 33. 98 33. 09 27. 44 43. 85 pic Earning per share measures the earning against per share. During the period of 2001-2005, the average earning per share was Tk 40. 420. Their earning per share has reduced over time and if we compare with other bank we can say that it is not sufficient.In the cases of National Bank if we look after the key profitability ratio then we can say that return on equity capital(ROE), and non interest margin, Return on asset (ROA) Net Bank Operating Margin, and Earning per share, ratio has been decreased for the period of 2001-2005. But, only the net bank operating margin has been increased. Return on equity capital (ROE) has been decreases because the bank has increased the equity capital for the years and given the bonus share as a dividend so the amount of equity increases during the perio d of 2001-2005. The earning per share also has been decreased for the period of 2001-2005. Breaking Down of ROE 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Banks degree of asset utilization 0. 025 0. 038 0. 038 0. 041 0. 042 The banks equity multiplier 30. 99 28. 07 28. 18 25. 79 20. 13 The net bank operating Margin During the period of 2001-2005 the average the net bank operating margin was 11. 18% of the total assets. It was not stable over the period which is not a good sign for the bank. Bank Degree of Assets Utilization Banks degree of the asset utilization has been increased during the period of 2001-2005.So return of asset has been also decreased for the same period. Net profit margin has been decreased substantially because the ratio of the equity multiplier was higher. Equity Multiplier During the period of 2001-2005 the average equity multiplier was 26. 63. By the equity multiplier ratio we can say that it has substantially reduced over time, which means the risk of the failure has gradu ally increased over time. pic Liquidity Risk 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Cash and Due from Banks/Total Assets 0. 043 0. 053 0. 054 0. 054 0. 55 Cash and Government Securities/Total Assets 0. 060 0. 088 0. 087 0. 068 0. 038 pic Purchased Funds/Total Assets Purchased Funds/Total Assets if the use of purchased more that increases the chance of liquidity crunch in the event of withdrawals rises or the loan quality declines. During the period of 2001-2005 the average ratio for the bank was 3. 12%. We can say that the liquidity risk for the bank was not very high also stable by the year Cash and Government Securities/Total Assets Cash and Government Securities/Total Assets in 2001-2005 was 6. 82% of the total assets which has come from the cash and government security.Banks/Total Assets and Cash and Government Securities/Total Assets are also mud almost same for over the period so the liquidity risk for the bank has been remains low and same for the period. Credit Risk 2001 2002 2003 2 004 2005 Total Loans/Total Deposits 0. 84 0. 82 0. 81 0. 89 0. 96 pic Provision for Loan Losses/Total Loans Provision for Loan Losses/Total Loans indicates the amount which should be kept as provision for loan losses from the total loan. During the period of 2001-2005 the average amount of provision for the loan loss was 2. 09%. That means only 2. 09% of the funds were in risk to be uncollected.As the provision for the loan losses was low, we can say that the credit risk for the bank was not very high for the recent period. Total Loans/Total Deposits Total Loans/Total Deposits indicates the total loan amount that goes from the total deposit. During 2001-2005 on an average 81. 11% of the total deposit they have distributed as loan. This is a very big portion and indicating a great change of credit risk for the bank. Capital Risk 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Purchased Funds/Total Liabilities 0. 617 0. 042 0. 033 0. 037 0. 591 pic Equity Capital/Total AssetsEquity Capital/Total Asset s indicates that the amount of equity capital invested in the total assets. During the period of 2001-2005 on an average 3. 83% of the total asset was financed by the equity. That is indicating a very bad signal for the bank. Because they mostly they have financed their investment by debt capital which was very risky. Purchased Funds/Total Liabilities Purchased Funds/Total Liabilities indicates that the amount of non deposit liability in the total liability structure. If the purchased fund increases that means the capital risk are also increases. During the period of 2001-2005 the ratio was drastically high for 2001 and 2005 and average ratio was 26. 39%.That means the capital risk for the bank was high for the bank. Chapter-5 Al Arafah Islami Bank Limited Key Profitability Ratios In Banking 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Return on Asset( ROA) 0. 002 0. 006 0. 012 0. 012 0. 017 Net interest Margin 0. 015 0. 026 0. 030 0. 030 0. 38 Net non-interest Margin 0. 017 0. 015 0. 018 0. 018 0. 022 Net Bank Operating Margin 0. 067 0. 141 0. 242 0. 252 0. 292 pic Return on Equity Return on equity capital is a measure of the rate of return flowing to the banks shareholder. It approximates the net benefit that the shareholders have received from investing their capital in the bank. During the period of 2001-2005 the average return on the equity was 14. 5% which was not attractive, but the good signal is that it has increased over time.Return on Assets The Return on the asset is primarily indicator of managerial efficiency. It indicates how capably the management of the bank has been converting the institutions assets into net earning. From the above analysis we can say that during the period of 2001-2005 the return on asset was only 1. 00%. That means the bank was able to increase the efficiency in managing asset from 2001 to 2005. Net Interest margin The net interest margin measures how large a spread between interest revenues and interest costs. Management has been ab le to achieve of close control over the banks earning assets and the pursuits of the cheapest source of funding.The average net bank interest margin for the bank was 2. 78% during the period of 2001-2005 which is also not so attractive. Non-interest Margin The non-interest margin measures the amount of non interest revenue streaming from deposits charges and other service fees the bank has been able to collect relative to the amount of non interest cost incurred (including salaries and wages, repair and maintenance cost on bank facilities and loan loss expense). The net non interest margin was 1. 8% in 2001-2005. They wasnt been able to generate more income from the non interest source like Treasury bill, commission on brokerage, and commission from the letter of credit. Earning Per Share 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Earnings Per Share 101. 43 312. 420 251. 1 263. 67 387. 8 pic Earning per share measures the earning against per share. During the period of 2001-2005, the earning per sh are was Tk 263. 18. If we compare with other bank we will see that their earning per share was very good. Breaking Down of ROE 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Banks degree of asset utilization 0. 32 0. 041 0. 048 0. 048 0. 059 The banks equity multiplier 24. 968 21. 447 14. 754 13. 449 12. 564 pic The Net Bank Operating Margin During the period of 2001-2005 the average the net bank operating margin was 19. 87%. If we compare with other banks it was good. Another important thing is that it has increased over time. Degree of Operating Margin On an average they have earned 4. 55% operating revenue during the period of 2001-2005 by using total asset. It was not so good. This indicates that they ware unable to utilize their assets.Equity Multiplier During the period of 2001-2005 the equity multiplier was 17. 467. By analyzing the equity multiplier ratio we can say that it is substantially higher, that means the risk of the failure is also high for the period of 2001-2005. As the risk is hi gher so the banks profit margin is also higher. Liquidity Risk 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Cash and Due from Banks/Total Assets 0. 080 0. 090 0. 089 0. 093 0. 201 pic Purchased Funds/Total AssetsPurchased Funds/Total Assets if the use of purchased more that increases the chance of liquidity crunch in the event of withdrawals rises or the loan quality declines. During the period of 2001-2005 the average ratio was 7. 4%. Because of lower percentage we can say that the liquidity risk for the bank is also lower for the bank. Cash and Due from Banks/Total Assets During the period of 2001-2005 on an average the bank had only 7. 42% cash and due from bank against their total assets. This indicates a very bad signal for the bank. Liquidity risk for the bank was very high for that period. Credit Risk 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Provision for Loan Losses/Total Loans 0. 16 0. 033 0. 024 0. 048 0. 011 pic Total Loans/Total Deposits Total Loans/Total Deposits indicates the total loan amount that goes from the total deposit. During the period of 2001-2005, 84. 13% of the total deposit distribute as loan. They have distributed a big portion of their deposits as loan it could increase credit risk for the bank. Provision for Loan Losses/Total Loans Provision for Loan Losses/Total Loans indicates the amount which should be kept as provision for loan losses from the total loan. During the period of 2001-2005 the average amount of provision for the loan loss was 2. 4%. As the provision for the loan losses was lower so we can say that the credit risk for the bank was also lower for the bank in that period, and the bank has been able to collect the loan more efficiently. Capital Risk 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Purchased Funds/Total Liabilities 0. 050 0. 056 0. 059 0. 117 0. 114 pic Equity Capital/Total Assets Equity Capital/Total Assets indicates that the amount of equity capital invested in the total assets.During the period of 2001-2005, on an average 6. 17% of the total asset was financed by the equity and it is gradually increased over the year and for the period. Purchased Funds/Total Liabilities Purchased Funds/Total Liabilities indicates that the amount of non deposit liability in the total liability structure. If the purchased fund increases that means the capital risk are also increases. During the period of 2001-2005 they were able to maintain the ratio within 8. 00%. That means the capital risk for the bank was lower for the period. Though the bank is able to reduce the non-deposit source of funding but still they are exposed to a higher capital risk. Chapter-6 Eastern Bank Limited Key Profitability Ratios In Banking 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Return on Asset( ROA) 0. 02 0. 02 0. 02 0. 02 0. 02 Net interest Margin 0. 03 0. 03 0. 02 0. 03 0. 03 Net non-interest Margin 0. 02 0. 02 0. 03 0. 03 0. 03 Net Bank Operating Margin 0. 16 0. 19 0. 18 0. 22 0. 18 picReturn on Equity Return on equity capital is a measure of the rate of return flowing to the banks shareholder. It approximates the net benefit that the shareholders have received from investing their capital in the bank. During the period of 2001-2005 the average return on the equity was 17. 2%. The ratio was stable over the period. The bank has able to maintain the stability of income. Return on Assets The Return on the asset is primarily indicator of managerial efficiency. It indicates how capably the management of the bank has been converting the institutions assets into net earning. During the period of 2001-2005 the average ratio was 2. 00%.It was not so attractive but good thing

Pepsi Saudi Arabia

The Balanced plug-in (BSC) was developed by Kaplan and Norton in the 1990s, it is a focal point dust intentional to bill the broad(a) performance of a attach to by measuring all relevant angles of the accomp whatsoevers operating rooms. BSC requires the company to maintain its core monetary metre, but it goes further and expands the measurement to other important pedigree atomic number 18as. The BSC looks at the total business from foursome perspectives, the node perspective, fiscal perspective, the intragroup business process and the attainment and growth perspective. It collects and analyzes data relevant to the company.And it helps managers to get take a shiter more meaningful picture of their company, which in turn enables them to plan, improve and execute operating(a) goals. The objective of this paper is to advocate the adaptation of BSC by Pepsi Saudi-Arabian. The strength and economic advantages of BSC and why it would be beneficial to Pepsi Saudi get out be extensively discussed in this stageation. PEPSI SAUDI ARABIA The Pepsi company of Saudi Arabia is comprised of both key divisions ground on the western region of the country, one the Saudi International Project Company (SIPCO) and the other is Saudi Fruit Juice and Beverage Industry (SFJBI).This paper pull up stakes look at this merger and how it could use the BSC methodology to elevate its entire work and increase its profit margin. BALANCE SCORECARD (BSC). Developed in the 1990s by Kaplan and Norton, balanced scorecard is a business management dodging that uses measurement to keep in line strategic plans. It tries to align business operations to the strategies of the business, by measuring the performance of the business in relations to its goals, usually for a given time period. It relies generally on the premise that a business principle or a business function that could be metric could besides be improved upon.What gets measured gets done. If a company keep estab lish a measurement system to analyze its performance, accordingly that company give the bounce square get through a course to improve on its performance establish on the result of the measurement. Experts generally train that the companies that establish the time to measure their own performance usually does mitigate than the companies who do no possess the hammers of measurement. Based on the outcome of a business measurement BSC encourages managers to prioritize their efforts. The BSC does non centering on fiscal measurements alone, because financial measurement alone can non reveal all the important data neededfor long term performance. The balanced scorecard in integrateds such business elements based on the nodes need, applyees, technology, and other critical elements that could help the company emerge stronger in the future. Essentially BSC takes stock of the whole business. It uses the feedback loop to pinpoint all problematic areas and consequently it develo ps solutions for them. Managers and employees can wherefore learn from those points that had been identified by the loop. It looks at the companys current position then begins the necessary strategies for correction. It uses learning, technical transformations and captivatebehavioral shifts and cultural identities to take essential actions for the benefit of the company. BSC also sets aside time to study the applications that carry been implemented, and then analyzes the results for effectiveness of those mechanisms or lack of effectiveness. THE FOUR berthS AT A stare The BSC uses data to articulate performance management with the primary objective being the implementation of corporate strategy. The BSC methodology primarily employs four perspectives financial, customer, business process perspectives and learning and growth perspectives.It calculates present performance without ignoring the importance of future performance. (1) FINANCIAL opinion The BSC recognizes the impor tance of financial data, but it does not penury the emphasize on financial data to overshadow the other necessary perspectives that de see equal amount of attention. In BSC adequate, timely and accurate funding are seen as key business requirements. unless the BSC methodology goes a tiny further, it emphasizes that financial data be included in the corporate data base and be available by automation. The BSC method also explores financial risk assessments and cost benefit analysis as partof the data collection in the financial perspective. (This lead be discussed in item in the main body of the study) (2)CUSTOMER PERSPECTIVE The BSC methodology advocates customer focus and satisfaction, it insists that the company mustiness not only satisfy its customers but it must do so without losing money in an attempt to provide superior services or products to those customers. According to the BSC, the customer perspective is a key index of the functional health of the company. Poor cust omer performance is usually an indication of corporate performance in the future.If the customers are not genial they will take their businesses somewhere else, and that is an indication of poor business performance in the future. BSC mandates a satisfaction metric to measure the customer satisfaction. The aim is to identify all customer groups, analyze their needs and provide services to them accordingly. But the company cannot afford to lose profitability in an attempt to satisfy its customers. ( This will be discussed in peak in the main body of the study). (3) BUSINESS PROCESS PERSPECTIVE The BSC defines this as the internal process. It enables the managers to become familiarwith the functions of the company, and it services and operations. It harbours sure that the products and services meets the requirement of the customers. This is super internal, i. e the process is preferably developed and handled by corporate managers and workers as who fool intimate acquaintance of the company, as opposed to consultants who are essentially corporate outsiders. The mission oriented process refers to the functions of government offices, and they could present some unique problems. On the other hand, the support process is more repetitive and generic and thusly easier to measure. (Thiswill be discussed in detail in the main body of the study). (4) LEARNING AND GROWTH PERSPECTIVE The BSC describes this perspective as employee training in corporate market-gardening as well as individual training and improvement. It sees employees as the mainstay of the corporation. The training would be regular and continuous. The idea is to avoid brain drain from the company. So employees would be trained in all new and relevant technologies. Kaplan and Norton emphasized that learning is more than training, it includes mentors and tutors in the judicature. (Kaplan&Norton 1996). (This will be discussed in detail in the main body of the study).CAN PEPSI SAUDI BENEFIT FROM BSC? To answer that question it is important to know where Pepsi Saudi came from in terms of business its identity and then analyze the reasons it chose to adopt the BSC management module, and then superimpose the analysis on the reports of other corporations that constitute adopted the BSC. It is worth noting that Pepsis decision to join the ranks of companies that have chosen to implement BSC was not do in a vacuum. The fact is that BSC had become a familiar and efficient working module for many in(predicate) companies. Also Pepsi Saudi has had its own incredible business and financial mastery, and byadopting BSC it chose to follow many world class businesses. With the implementation of the balance scorecard methodology, Pepsi Saudi have joined ranks with such business heavyweights as Exxon mobile, British telecommunications worldwide, Hilton hotels, IBM, UPS, Volvofians of Sweden and much more. These are impressive list of companies, and again the decision for them to adopt the balan ced scorecard system was not made in a vacuum, because the stakes are too high. On February 2nd 2002 the AME-INFO reported the merger of Saudi industrial stand outs company (SIPCO) and Saudi FruitJuice and Beverage industry (SFJBI) in the western region of Saudi Arabia. The reasons for the merger were many, they wanted to expand their command of the beverage industry, and they wanted to remain the best manufacturing operation in the industry. It is not difficult to imagine that Pepsi Saudi would adopt BSC in order to maintain its dominance of the industry. Before the merger it introduced the Pepsi twist (Pepsi taste twist with a twist of lemon) in order to satisfy customers demand for something extra in their soft drink AMEINFO October 8th 2001. It unfolded many ad campaigns designed to capturenew customers and hold old ones. The ad campaign targeted all major social events of the kingdom, including football games that featured the stars of the popular sport. As this study will s how continue the company has continued to grow under BSC. FRAMEWORK Because of the success of balance scorecard, there are enormous volumes of information on the practice of BSC, but this study will examine the phenomenon of balance scorecard with Saudi Pepsi as the reference agency. The study will analyse the book (Translating strategy into action) by Kaplan and Norton as well as many relevant literature on the subject.It is the position of this study that BSC is a genuine business elevator, so this project will make the necessary efforts to present received evidence in support of that position. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study are to outline and analyze the fundamental principles of the Balanced Scorecard system. The paper will hound the formulation of the system and review some of the available data on its effectiveness. Also the paper will make an objective judgement on the advantages and disadvantages of its application. Since this is designed to ascertain the adaptability of BSC to Pepsi of Saudi Arabia, the paper will concludewith a critical insight on how Pepsi could benefit from BSC, based largely on data from the performance review of other corporations that have implemented the BSC management system. QUESTIONS EXPECTED TO BE ADDRESSED BY THIS STUDY Though questions abound on this study, but this discourse will focus greatly on the matters that address the application, and the structure of Balance Scorecard. The major perspectives as advanced by Kaplan and Norton will be presented and analyzed in foresight . It must be emphasized that the system is an objective, responsive system. Itcould be followed with appropriate data analysis, and adjustments could be made when desirable. The paper will provide the necessary locomote that could be followed in order to attain a desired result. Because this dialogue has taken sides in favor of the BSC, it will clearly present the cognize benefits of implementing the system. But it must be e mphasized that there are some drawbacks in the BSC system. Those drawbacks would equally be outlined. All the important steps in the implementation of the BSC will be discussed, and the different roles that different levels of a corporate entity would need to play will be enumerated as well.All of the team members must not only make a commitment, they must participate in the process. Every department must know its participating role in the implementation of BSC, and this work will detail what those roles ought to be, and how to ensure that they are diligently executed. It should also be recognized that it is not enough to design and construct a BSC, the question is would it be used? No benefits would accrue if the built BSC is not used. Of course the most important question is that of the applicability of the system by Pepsi Saudi, that question will be adequately address in this process.CHAPTER TWO BOOK AND LITERATURE ANALYSIS. PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT Before the advent of BSC, a qu estionnaire by the national association of accountants indicated that about 60% of accountants were not satisfied by their performance measurement system, primarily because of its reliance on purely financial metrics. But since the implementation of BSC that dire view is bout around. (Nevin 2003). Performance measurement technique is used to compile data on many subjects, high school academicians use performance measurement to keep record book of behaviors of students whose behaviors required to improvement.The significant point here is that the actual behavior improvement could be measured empirically, scientifically and with discerning accuracy. So it is not surprising that corporations would also adopt performance management system. Corporations use performance measurement to keep record of its effectiveness, and its efficiency. It is used to tabulate quality and productivity. It is also used to keep records of opportuneness and safety. (Nevin, Paul 2003). With an effective per formance measurement system, companies can a develop a sustainable structure for its strategic planning, and its goals.It helps companies assemble a clear mission, with appropriate resources, on long term intervals. With it companies can maintain accountability for its performance or lack of performance. By using performance measurement companies are go able to analyze and validate its results. It can also use it to acquire timely feedbacks, which could be used to change the direction of a given project or to move a project forward. So in total, performance measurement could help and organization to make informed decisions, to appraise its performance and to initiate an improvement as needed. (Nevin, Paul 2003). I suppose we can say thatperformance measurement is a close cousin of BSC. However a performance measurement system could limit its benefits if it loses sight of key performance drivers. And it could be quite expensive to set-up a performance measuring unit, but most compan ies seem to agree that the cost is worth it at the long run. (Kaplan & Norton 1996). BALANCED SCORECARD, DEFINITION What is scorecard, how can we define scorecard, is it possible to provide a total comprehensive meaning? Scorecard is not a one word definition system, so in order to do justice to the question, what is scorecard, it is necessary to take a comprehensiveapproach to that question. If you can measure it you can manage that is the guiding concept behind the BSC management philosophy. The balanced scorecard system was designed by Kaplan and Norton in the 1990s with the objective of giving managers the tool to look into the long term prospect of their organizations with some measure of reliability. So the BSC is both(prenominal) a management and a measurement tool that when to the full and accurately implemented will enable businesses to develop their own vision, and their own strategy, and then translate those business elements into business actions.It is a system that ca n give businesses an authentic feedback about their internal and external results. And that in turn would enable them to develop a genuine strategy. Since a company with superior strategy and a counsel of measuring the results of its performance functions do better than companies that do not posses similar tool. (Kaplan & Norton 1996). With BSC managers are able to a maintain a clear insight into the operations and management of all business units. It gives the manager the picture that he needs to see how the business is performing when it is compared against the plans, and stated objectives of the business.If a discrepancy is observed mingled with the goals and the actual results, BSC enables practitioners to delve in and correct the noticed discrepancy. And when corrections are made effectively, the business would then redirect the necessary efforts and resources back to the expected reports. It has been copiously documented that companies that use BSC have a highly accurate an d generally dependable view of their entire operations and its performance. BSC does not simply employ financial metrics in its measurements, but it uses customer satisfaction, technical and intellectual innovations, market share and market competition to garnerbetter more reflective and more comprehensive results of company operations and performance. And there are very little doubts that this system is effective for those companies that have designed and executed the system. (Nevin 2003). A comprehensive survey/questionnaire conducted by CIO. Com, Balancedscorecard. org, and Microsoft. com revealed that companies that employ BSC have improved their financial and future position in the market place. (Studentweb. tulane. edu). A study by Nevin 2003 indicates that about 50% of fortune green corporations now have employed some form of BSCmanagement performance metrics. (Nevin 2003). That alone means that all of these companies have used the BSC system to position themselves on a bett er financial and management future. With BSC organizations are able to articulate a comprehensive strategy towards desired performance, and implementation success. On the whole the BSC system employs channelise main systems in order to accomplish its objectives. It uses the measurement system, the strategic management system, and the communication tool. (Nevin 2003). These three factors present only as translation tool to the entire strategy of the BSC business system.The measurement system of BSC uses the lead indicators to forecast future business environment. It reveals the strategy via long term management that focuses on customer satisfaction, innovation and recognition of potential market competitors. It seeks out innovation for the benefit of superior products. It deploys essential resources in order to capture customers that it would retain for the long run. It looks for realistic ways to retain its customers. And it combines all of those factors for both effectiveness and efficiency. It is the measurement aspect of BSC that fully engages the four perspectives, so theseperspectives will be discussed here in a little more detail. The four perspective as have been mentioned on this discourse include the customer perspective, the internal process perspective, and the learning and growth perspectives. CUSTOMER PERSPECTIVES REVISITED When a business loses the drive to pursue and retain customers, it loses its soul and therefore the right to exist. No business can function, thrive or prosper without a reliable customer base. In the customer perspective theory BSC makes it clear that it is not only essential to know who the target customers are and how a business can better servethat customer base. The BSC identifies three primary ways of providing services to customers in the Balance scorecard system. Operational excellence emphasizes low prices, and convenience ( Nevin 2003). Product leaders focuses on providing the best product in the market. In customer intimacy the business stresses the development of long term relationships with the customer, doing whatever is necessary to know what it is that the customer truly wants. It does so while maintaining as much knowledge as possible of its customers. The reason for these efforts in acquiring superior customerknowledge comes down to the point that the businesses are attempting to provide as much satisfaction to the customers as possible. The other reasons include customer loyalty and the need for more market share. (Balancedscorecard. org. ) INTERNAL PROCESS PERSPECTIVE REVISITED This area focuses on identification of the things that would need to be done in order to continue to add value to the customers and ultimately to the shareholders (Nevin 2003). The internal process aims to serve the customer and increase the total value of the organization, as well as keep record of the companies progress. The teams objective isprimarily to develop better products, to attain better ways of ma nufacturing better products. To find better ways of delivering their products, and to find better ways of delivering better services after the products had been delivered. LEARNING AND GROWTH PERSPECTIVE REVISITED This may actually be the most important aspect of the entire process. Organizations would get as far as their employees could take them. A team that lacks knowledge may not be able to provide the necessary services required by the customers. Therefore genuine effort must be made to keep employees abreast of necessary information. And that is what the learningand growth perspective tries to define. It emphasizes that information be made available to the employees. It requires the employees skills be as sharp as necessary. It does not want employees to be ignored. Again the key here is that any organization would only go as far as the employees could take it. With adequate care and education, employees can only do better for the company. It is important to point out that the BSC system does not ignore the financial perspective. But the key is that when a company has satisfied the other objectives, that company stand a pretty good chance of doing well financially.BALANCE SCORECARD AS A STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT SYSTEM apparently putting a business and management strategy is important, but no strategy will function if it does not actually get implemented. So the scratch step in resolving the issue of non-implementation, is to identify what the potential problems towards implementation may be, and then address those issues. According to fortune magazine (1999) about 70% of strategies are poorly executed, so how can it be executed better. Both the team and the management must pay attention to the four barriers the vision barrier, the pot barrier, the resource barrier, and the management barrier.(1) VISION BARRIER To overcome the vision barrier, employees must not be kept in the dark. The BSC wants management to be very clear as to what the vision is. When po ssible place a figure on the vision . For instance if the goal is to manufacture products without defects 90 % of the time, then it may be made clearer by stating exactly that. That figure of 90% translates the vision to a level that could not be misunderstood. Give the employees the appropriate knowledge base and strategic structure, that makes the entire strategic objective easier to follow. Management should facilitate a total understanding of the strategy and the wholestructure in order to enable all the team members to fully understand the strategy and therefore work towards achieving it as a unit. (Kaplan & Norton) (2) PEOPLE BARRIER In order to overcome the people barrier, BSC outlines a system known as cascading. Essentially it give all of the team members or all of the employees a chance to actually demonstrate exactly how they contribute to their teams objective. The entire system is driven from the top to the bottom. Management would be able to have direct line of site to all levels by implementing the cascade system. the management would need toredesign how it awards incentives. When the focus is on rewarding long term get throughment as opposed to short term, employees tend to respond with long term focus, as they work towards achieving the goal. So if long term objectives are created and proper values and incentives placed on them, then the rest of the team would naturally follow. This is an important point because, when employees are rewarded based on short term expectations, then the entire effort would be based on attaining that short term incentive. (3) RESOURCE BARRIER For the resource barrier, an organization that is genuinely concerned about achievingBSC must apportion adequate budgetary resources to it. To do otherwise would simply be folly. No strategy would get off the ground without real financial commitment. Human and financial resources should be part of the consideration during the planning of the strategy. It just would not make sense not to allocate the necessary resources. (4) MANAGEMENT BARRIER The last barrier is the management barrier, there is really no doubt that management participation about the importance of an enthusiastic management participation in order for the strategies to work. If management would not show true commitment, then whywould the rest of the team. If the team leader is absent why would any one else pay attention. (Nevin 2003). When learning is prescribed as part of the strategy and when accurate evaluation are made based on the numbers from the scorecard, then its easier to read the results and compare them to the original hypothesis. If the report does not measure up to the hypothesis, then a different approach would be necessary. The point is that if all of these four strategic elements are implemented, and the required evaluations are made regularly, the company gives itself stands an excellent chance of reversing courseif the numbers indicate so. CRITICAL OBSERVATIONS It wou ld be unrealistic to think that the entire system would not have some criticisms, and there are some legitimate questions on how effective the system really is. For sure it is an expensive marriage proposal to implement. It requires that management and team leaders must have hands on approach in order to achieve the stated goals. But it is not forever and a day easy to have that kind of high level participation. So it could be a problem. (Molleman 2007). Some have argued that it is difficult to relate one measurement to the other.For instance, how could a change in one perspective have a direct correlation to another. It is not quite clear how change in a specific measure would affect another measure. Others have argued that BSC does not address what the appropriate balance ought to be when addressing the stakeholder value. Davidson 2002, reports that the BSC correctly anticipates the value for the shareholders and the customers, but it does not articulate the needs of the employ ees. It also asserts that the requirement for top management participation centralizes the methodology on the high level management.In a project that requires a good degree of knowledge, Davidson argues that the top-down approach may not be the best. But on the issue of management participation, if the commitment is high enough, then management ought to be able to find the time to allocate to the idea, because the long term benefits could be enormous ,if the system is followed correctly. The point is that the benefits negates the shortcomings. All indication is that BSC is a business method that is worth pursuing, and there are definite measures that could be taken in order to mitigate some of the shortcomings. If an organizationfollows the directives that were outlined by Kaplan an Norton, then they would have significantly elevated their chances for success in their endeavor. First Kaplan and Norton insists that on the question of wether an organization is applying the right measu re of perspectives, they recommend that a stable BSC should have a good balance of both lagging and leading indicators. That would enable them to see a clear picture of not only past efforts but also the plans of the future. A company should not implement too many indicators. Organizations should focus on those indicators that clearly addresses their strategy.So with the correct combination of lagging and leading indicators as well as the correct multifariousness of the most critical indicators, Kaplan and Norton belief that the organization would do just fine. (Kaplan & Norton 1996). They also advised against do a quantitative link between non financial indicators and financial indicators. Since lag time may be influenced by many factors, it is not advisable to link non financial indicators and financial indicators. Also Kaplan and Norton observed that failure would nigh be guaranteed if senior management simply dump the system to middle management. Therefore it emphasizes that senior managementmust remain engaged, it must define the performance measurement, thereby making the objective clear to all levels of the team. It is not enough to have a senior leadership, if the senior leadership is not working with the rest of the team to achieve the objective. All segments of the company or organization would need to be involved in order for the BSC to work as designed. Developing the process does not have to be protracted, because if implementing it becomes too long then strategies may change during this period, and that would not be a good for the process. Therefore they recommend that the development process ought to be short.(Kaplan & Norton). It would be inadvisable to use the BSC just for compensation purposes, therefore it is recommended that compensation be linked only when it is involved in translating strategy. THE IMPLEMENTATION OF BALANCED SCORECARD. The two main phases of BSC are the planning phase and the development phase. Because different organi zations operate differently, it may not be realistic to expect companies to follow one particular(a) route to the implementation of the system. But Nevin 2003 drew an implementation map that could aid any organization as it plows through the difficulty of planning and implementation.